gradual vision loss

Question 1

clouding of vision, difficulty driving at night due to haloes and glare

Answer 1

cataract

Question 2

progressive loss of central vision over years. difficulty reading and recognising in dim light. visual fluctatuion.
fundoscopy shows drusen ( protein deposits) on the macula

Answer 2

dry ARMD

Question 3

progressive loss of central vision over months
fundoscopy shows macular odema

Answer 3

wet ARMD

Question 4

peripheral fields are lost first. knocking into objects.
central scotoma
fundoscopy reveals optic disc cupping resulting in pale optic disc and irreversible loss of visual acuity

Answer 4

chronic open angle glaucoma

Question 5

loss of central vision
neovascularisation spreading to macula

Answer 5

diabetic maculopathy

Question 6

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 6

In patients with diabetes mellitus, poor glycaemic control can lead to vascular occlusion and vascular leakage of the capillaries supplying the retina. This can result in retinal ischaemia, new vessel formation, and if not managed, loss of sight

Diabetic retinopathy can broadly be categorised into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR).

Question 7

DR mild
Signs that signify milder disease are: ‘dots’ (microaneurysms), hard exudates (lipid deposits) and ‘blots’ (haemorrhages).

signs if more severe

Answer 7

Signs that signify significant ischaemia and thus more severe disease are: engorged tortuous veins, cotton wool spots, and large ‘blot’ haemorrhages.

Question 8

diabetic maculopathy

Answer 8

macular oedema