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Hydrogeology > Soil moisture and groundwater recharge > Flashcards

Soil moisture and groundwater recharge Flashcards

1
Q

The uppermost layer of the earth may contain a three-phase system of ____, ____, and _____ material

A

solid, liquid, and gaseous

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2
Q

the layer that contains the three-phase system is called the

A

zone of aeration, unsaturated zone or the vadose zone

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3
Q

the solid phase of vadose zone may consist of:

A

soil formed by in-situ weathering

sediments weathered and transported

unweathered bedrock

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4
Q

smaller grains may also be bounded by organic matter to form larger units called

A

aggregates or peds

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5
Q

the soil texture is determined by the:

A

distribution of the size fractions of mineral grains present

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6
Q

scientists break soils down into how many textural classes

A

12

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7
Q

scientists classify soils based on the percentages of ____, _____, and ____ paticles

A

clay, silt, and sand-sized particles

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8
Q

helps determine the drainage and fertility characteristics of a soil

A

soil texture

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9
Q

size ranges for sand, silt, and clay for soil scientists

A

clay - <0.002mm
silt - 0.002 - 0.05 mm
sand - 0.05 to 2 mm

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10
Q

is the mass of the soil water content divided by the mass of the solid particles (dry mass of the soil)

A

gravimetric water content

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11
Q

formula for gravimetric water content

A

gwc = Ww / Ws

mass of water in the soil / dry mass of the soil

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12
Q

the volume of the soil water divided by the volume of the soil

A

volumetric water content

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13
Q

formula for volumetric water content

A

vwc = Vw / V

volume of soil water divided by volume of the soil

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14
Q

formula for saturation ratio

A

Rs = Vw / Vv

volume of soil water divided by the volume of the voids of the soil

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15
Q

formula for dry bulk density

A

Pb = Ws / V

dry mass of the soil divided by the volume of the soil

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16
Q

formula for particle density

A

Pd = Ws / Vs

mass of the mineral particles divided by the volume of soil particles

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17
Q

soil moisture can be measured indirectly by

A

non-destructible means

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18
Q

one method of measuring soil moisture involves burying of ____ called _____, in which _____ are embedded and electric currents are passed through wires

A

small blocks
resistance cells
electrodes

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19
Q

small blocks that are buried in which electrodes are embedded to

A

resistance cells

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20
Q

is the depression or the rise of a liquid in a small capillary passage tube

A

capillarity

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21
Q

t or f: openings in the porous materials exhibit capillarity

A

T

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22
Q

this is the subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores

A

capillary fringe

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23
Q

groundwater seeps up from a water table through

A

capillary action

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24
Q

pores at the base of the capillary fringe are filled with water because of

A

tension saturation

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25
Q

capillarity results from 2 force, what are these forces?

A

mutual attraction among water molecules (cohesion)

attraction of water molecules into different soil materials (adhesion)

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26
Q

t or f: because of capillarity, water level will rise in a small glass tube above the water level in a large container

A

T

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27
Q

the smaller the tube diameter, the _____ the rise of the water column

A

greater

28
Q

the capillary fringe can provide a means for direct evaporation if

A

the water table is close enough to the ground surface

29
Q

measuring instrument used to determine water potential (soil moisture tension) in the vadose zone

A

tensiometer

30
Q

device that typically consist of glass or plastic tube with a porous ceramic cup filled with water

A

tensiometer

31
Q

a tensiometer is a device used to determine _____ or _______ in the ______.

it consist of a ____ or _____ and a _______ filled with water

A

water potential
soil-moisture tension
vadose zone

glass or plastic tube
ceramic porous cup

32
Q

water in the vadose zone available to growing of plants, found in the belt of soil water

A

soil water

33
Q

soil water zone extend from

A

the land surface to the depth of roots of the plants

34
Q

top of the capillary fringe may be below the

A

belt of soil water

35
Q

soil moisture at a location varies with changes in the

A

amount of precipitation and evapotranspiration

36
Q

also known as soil evapotranspiration

A

soil water evaporation

37
Q

when the soil moisture content of a layer reaches to a point where the gravity attraction is equal to the surface tension, gravity drainage ceases.

A

Field capacity

38
Q

field capacity happens when gravity equals the surface the tension, therefore _____

A

gravity drainage ceases

39
Q

field capacity depends on the

A

specific retention

evaporation depth

unsaturated permeability characteristic curve of the soil

40
Q

happens when the remaining moisture is too tightly bound to the soil particles

A

wilting point

41
Q

field capacity is ______ proportional to grain size

A

inversely

42
Q

soil texture with highest field capacity

A

clay

43
Q

soil texture with lowest field capacity

A

sand

44
Q

t or f: field capacity of a soil texture is directly proportional to its wilting point

A

T

45
Q

10 soil textures arranged from lowest field capacity to highest

A

sand
fine sand
sandy loam
fine sandy loam
loam
silt loam
light clay loam
clay loam
heavy clay loam
clay

46
Q

capillary fringe rises as groundwater is being ____

A

recharged

47
Q

time of movement of infiltrating water is a function of

A

thickness of the unsaturated zone and the vertical unsaturated hydraulic conductivity

48
Q

soil texture is important because it determines the

A

drainage and fertility characteristics of the soil

49
Q

mixture of silt, David, and clay

A

loam

50
Q

soil in usep obrero are mostly

A

clay and clay loam

51
Q

soils are characterized by

A

sorting, size, and mineral grains present

52
Q

weathered rock material containing organic compounds

A

soil

53
Q

unconsolidated rock materials

A

regolith

54
Q

what are peds

A

aggregate of soils

55
Q

the ratio of the volume of the void to the volume of the solids

A

void ratio

56
Q

common properties used to analyze/determine moisture content

A

porosity
void ratio
gravimetric water content
volumetric water content
saturation ration
dry bulk density
particle density

57
Q

t or f: capillarity aids in evapotranspiration

A

T

58
Q

a body of the tensiometer constructed of tough Butyrate plastic

A

irrometer body

59
Q

irrometer body is constructed of

A

tough butyrate plastic

60
Q

t or f: ceramic porous tip allows adhesion of water molecules

A

T

61
Q

t or f: water table rise when groundwater is being recharged

A

T

62
Q

annual precipitation in arid regions

A

<300 mm

63
Q

annual precipitation in davao

A

1000-1,5000 mm

64
Q

annual precipitation in surigao

A

> 2000 mm annually

65
Q

high evapotranspiration causes water table to

A

lower

66
Q

recharge and level of water table is dependent on the

A

thickness of unsaturated zone
precipitation
rate of discharge
hydraulic conductivity
topographic condition
geology

Hydrogeology (13 decks)

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