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Brain Bee National Final > The Diencephalon > Flashcards

The Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what is the diencephalon located between?

A

the midbrain and hypothalamus

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2
Q

what is the central diencephalon?

A

the thalamus

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3
Q

what are the 3 parts of the diencephalon?

A

the thalamus
the prethalamus
the pretectum

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4
Q

where is the prethalamus in relation to the thalamus?

A

in front of the thalamus

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5
Q

where is the pretectal area in relation to the thalamus?

A

behind the thalamus

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6
Q

what does diencephalon mean?

A

‘interbrain’

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7
Q

what does the diencephalon link?

A

the main parts of the forebrain with the brainstem

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8
Q

what does prosomere 1 include?

A

the pretectal area

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9
Q

what does prosomere 2 include?

A

the thalamic area

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10
Q

what does prosomere 3 include?

A

the prethalamus

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11
Q

in development, in what direction is the hypothalamus in relation to the thalamus?

A

rostral

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12
Q

why is the thalamus dorsal to the hypothalamus?

A

because of the sharply bent neuraxis at the midbrain during development (the cephalic flexure)

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13
Q

what is the sharp flexure in the neuraxis at the midbrain known as?

A

the cephalic flexure

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14
Q

what sensory systems does the thalamus receive input from?

A

all but the olfactory system

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15
Q

where does the visual pathway terminate in the thalamus?

A

in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (DLG)

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16
Q

where does the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus end up projecting to?

A

the visual cortex

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17
Q

where does the auditory pathway terminate in the thalamus?

A

the medial geniculate nucleus (MG)

18
Q

where does the medial geniculate nucleus end up projecting to?

A

the auditory cortex

19
Q

where does the touch pathway terminate in the thalamus?

A

the ventroposterior nucleus (VP)

20
Q

where does the ventroposterior nucleus end up projecting to?

A

the somatosensory/touch cortex

21
Q

movement information from the cerebellum reaches where in the thalamus?

A

the ventrolateral nucleus

22
Q

where does the ventrolateral nucleus send information to?

A

the primary motor cortex

23
Q

what is the main part of the cortex concerned with motor control?

A

the primary motor cortex

24
Q

where is the habenular nuclei?

A

on the dorsomedial edge of the thalamus

25
Q

what thalamic nucleus is attached to the stalk of the pineal gland?

A

the habenular nuclei

26
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

27
Q

what does melatonin secreted by the pineal gland influence?

A

the sleep cycle

28
Q

what is the most rostral diencephalic prosomere?

A

p3

29
Q

what important motor control region does p3 contain?

A

the zona incerta

30
Q

In Parkinson’s, stimulating electrodes inserted in the zona incerta can do what?

A

minimize tremors + muscle stiffness

31
Q

what is it called when stimulated electrodes are inserted into the zona incerta?

A

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

32
Q

what nucleus in p3 plays a role during sleep?

A

the reticular nucleus

33
Q

what do the reticular nuclei do?

A

play a role during sleep by controlling output from the thalamus to the cortex.

34
Q

p3 neurons are inhibitory, therefore they are:

A

GABAergic

35
Q

after sleep is established, the p3 GABAergic neurons take control of what?

A

main thalamic nuclei activity

36
Q

after sleep is established, the p3 GABAergic neurons take of the4 main thalamic nuclei activity to do what?

A

to set up a rhythmic wave pattern of electrical activity in the cortex

37
Q

what is the most caudal diencephalic prosomere?

A

p1

38
Q

what do pretectal area nuclei play a role in?

A

visual reflexes

39
Q

at nuclei does p1 contain?

A

the pretectal area nuclei

40
Q

what is the prominent p1 landmark at the junction of the prethalamus and midbrain?

A

the posterior comissure

41
Q

what does the posterior commissure belong to?

A

p1

Brain Bee National Final (10 decks)

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