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IMMS > Introduction to Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Introduction to Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what does the vertebral column protect

A

spinal cord

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2
Q

what does cranial mean

A

‘head end’

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3
Q

what does caudal mean

A

tail end

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4
Q

what does rostral mean

A

towards the face

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5
Q

what does the CNS comprise of

A

the brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system comprise of

A

all nervous tissue outside the CNS - primarily nerves

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7
Q

what are cranial nerves

A

nerves arising from the brain

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8
Q

what are spinal nerves

A

nerves arising from the spinal cord

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9
Q

what is the somatic nervous system

A

controls voluntary activities under conscious control

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10
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary activities - not under conscious control

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11
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

largest part of brain - has left and right hemispheres (connected)

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12
Q

what is the surface of the cerebrum called

A

cerebral cortex - has a grey appearance

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13
Q

where is information processed

A

grey matter

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14
Q

what are the folds in the cerebral cortex called

A

gyri (singular gyrus)

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15
Q

what are the grooves in between the gyri called

A

sulci (singular sulcus)

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16
Q

what happens in the white matter

A

information is transmitted through bundles of fibres

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17
Q

what is a nucleus in the CNS

A

a collection of cell bodies

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18
Q

what are the 4 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere called

A

frontal (at the front), parietal (inbetween the occipital and frontal), occipital (at the back) and temporal (underneath)- named after the bones of the skull that over lie them

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19
Q

what part of the brain lies inferior to the posterior (occipital) part of the brain

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

what is the cerebellum composed of

A

a left and right hemisphere, highly folded cortex, contains white matter and nuclei

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21
Q

what is the role of the cerebellum

A

balance, coordination and movement

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22
Q

what is the role of the brain stem

A

relays info between cerebrum, spinal cord and cerebellum
- it gives rise to most of the cranial nerves
- contains centres that regulate breathing and consciousness

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23
Q

where is the spinal cord

A

it is continuous with the medulla of the brainstem - it is protected by the vertebral column - it is much shorter than the vertebral column and ends around L1 - L2

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24
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord

A

31 - they carry info between the cord (CNS) and the periphery (e.g.skin, muscles). Each pair corresponds to a spinal cord segment

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25
Q

what kind of matter is in the spinal cord

A

grey matter made up of neuronal cell bodies, this is surrounded by white matter which contains tracts - bundles of axons that connect different parts of the CNS to each other

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26
Q

what are the cavities in the brain called

A

ventricles (there are 4), they are continuous with each other and filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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27
Q

what does the cerebrospinal fluid do

A

it surrounds the brain and spinal cord
- it provides nutrients to the brain
- it cushions the brain against trauma
- prevents delicate nerves and vessels from being compressed between the brain and then internal surface of the skull

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28
Q

what are the 3 meningeal layers

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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29
Q

what does the dura mater do

A

lines inner surface of the skull and vertebral column - thick and strong

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30
Q

what does the arachnoid mater do

A

lies deep into the dura, thin and loosely encloses the brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

what does the pia mater do

A

lies deep into the arachnoid - it is adhered to the surface of the brain and spinal cord - very thin - cant see with naked eye

32
Q

what do the meninges do

A

protect the brain and provide a scaffold for blood vessels

33
Q

what arteries supply the brain

A

the left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries

34
Q

where and what is the circle of Willis

A

on the inferior surface of the cerebrum the arteries give rise to branches that form and interconnected ring (Circle of Willis)

35
Q

what is anastomosis

A

where branches from separate arteries unite with each other - circle of willis is an example - allows for blood supply to an area to be maintained if one of the vessels gets blocked

36
Q

what arteries does the circle of willis give rise to

A

3 cerebral arteries which supply the hemispheres, cerebellar arteries which supply the cerebellum, and arteries that supply the spinal cord

37
Q

what arteries connect the cerebral arteries to each other

A

communicating arteries

38
Q

what is the area called that an artery supplies

A

territory

39
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

skeletal muscle and sensory receptors

40
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system control

A

smooth muscle, glands and cardiac muscle

41
Q

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic NS - fight and flight
parasympathetic - rest and digest
the sensory component of the ANS conveys info from the internal environment from the viscera to the CNS - but it doesnt reach our conscious perception

42
Q

what are viscera

A

organs

43
Q

what is another name for sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

A

visceral efferent nerves because they leave the CNS and travel to the periphery

44
Q

what are some example of reactions to stimuli that the sympathetic NS causes

A
  • fight, flight, fright, freeze
  • heart rate increases
  • bronchi dilate
  • peripheral blood vessels constrict so blood is diverted to skeletal muscles
  • pupils dilate
  • hair stands on end
  • sweat glands are stimulated
45
Q

what are some example of reactions to stimuli that the parasympathetic NS causes

A
  • Rest and digest
  • heart rate decreases
  • bronchi constrict
  • glands stimulated
  • gut activity is stimulated (peristalsis)
  • pupils constrict
46
Q

where are sympathetic first neuron bodies found

A

in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of spinal cord

47
Q

where are parasympathetic first neuron bodies found

A

in the brain stem and sacral spinal cord

48
Q

what happens once the parasympathetic and Sympathetic axons leave the CNS

A

they synapse with a second neuron whose cell body lies in a Ganglion (a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS)

49
Q

what is a preganglionic neuron

A

the first neuron whose axon leaves the CNS to synapse with another neuron whose body is in the ganglion

50
Q

what is a postganglionic neuron

A

this is the neuron whose cell body lies in the ganglion, postganglionic neurons travel to target organs

51
Q

what lengths are the post and pre ganglionic axons in the ParaSNS and SymNS

A
  • the SymNS has a short preganglionic axon and a long postganglionic axon
  • the ParaSNS has a long preganglionic axon and a short postganglionic axon
52
Q

which is more widely distributed SymNS or ParaSNS

A

the sympathetic system is far more widely distributed than the parasympathetic - this is because they have to reach hair follicles and sweat glands so have to reach all parts of the body

53
Q

Why are sensory autonomic fibres also called visceral afferent fibres

A

because they convey information from the viscera back to the CNS

54
Q

what do sensory autonomic fibres do

A
  • they monitor our internal environment e.g. blood pressure and send info to CNS, these elicit reflex responses (unconcious) which maintain the internal environment
55
Q

what do sensory autonomic fibres do

A
  • they monitor our internal environment e.g. blood pressure and send info to CNS, these elicit reflex responses (unconscious) which maintain the internal environment
  • they send information back about distention, stretch spasm or ischaemia of viscera that causes pain or discomfort - this does reach consciousness
  • Visceral afferents travel back to the CNS along paths of the sympathetic and PS nerves
56
Q

what is ischaemia

A

when blood flow (and so oxygen) is reduced or restricted to parts of the body

57
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerve pairs are there

A

12, they are numbered from I to XII `

58
Q

where do the cranial nerves serve

A

the head and neck

59
Q

they exit the skull by leaving through holes in the base of the skull called what

A

foramina (singular foramen)

60
Q

what are cranial nerve nuclei

A

collections of cell bodies associate with the cranial nerves found in the brainstem

61
Q

are the cranial nerves part of the peripheral NS

A

yes - they leave the CNS and travel to the periphery

62
Q

can cranial nerves have more than one type of nerve fibre

A

yes - some are purely sensory and some are purely motor, some carry both sensory and motor fibres and some carry parasympathetic fibres

63
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

64
Q

how many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there

A

8 - C1 to C8

65
Q

how many pairs of throacic spinal nerves are there

A

12 - T1 to T12

66
Q

how many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves are there

A

5 - L1 to L5

67
Q

how many pairs of sacral spian lnerves are there

A

5 - S1 to S5

68
Q

how many pairs of coccygeal spinal nerves are there

A

1 - Co1

69
Q

what kind of nervous fibre do spinal nerves carry

A
  • somatic motor fibres from CNS to body
  • sympathetic fibres (autonomic motor) from the CNS to the body
  • somatic sensory fibres from the body to the CNS
70
Q

how do nerves exit the spinal cord

A

they pass through gaps formed between adjacent vertebrae called the intervertebral foramina

71
Q

where do the cell bodies of the motor neurons lie

A

in the ventral horn of the spinal cord (grey matter)

72
Q

what is the ventral (motor) root of the spinal nerve

A

when the axons leave the cord via a series of rootlets which merge together to form this, these motor fibres stimulate the voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle

73
Q

where do the cell bodies of peripheral sensory neurons lie

A

in the dorsal root ganglia - visible with naked eye as small swellings- instead of having one axon they have 2 processes, one that projects peripherally into the spinal cord and one that projects centrally into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (grey matter)

74
Q

what is the pathway of information traveling from peripheral receptors (in the skin)

A

goes towards the dorsal root ganglia via the spinal nerve and then from the DRG to the dorsal horn via a series of rootlets

75
Q

what do all 31 pairs of spinal nerves contain

A

sympathetic fibres - these stimulate sweat glands and the contraction of smooth muscle in peripheral blood vessels and hair follicles

76
Q

what is a dermatome

A

the area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve - see dermatome maps e.g. C6 spinal nerve has sensation over the thumb and part of the forearm

77
Q

what is a myotome

A

the group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve

IMMS (7 decks)

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