CSD Quiz 2

Question 1

Define articulation and phonology

Answer 1

Articulation is the production of speech sounds. Phonology is the study of the speech sound systems.

Question 2

Give an example of articulation.

Answer 2

Rapid coordinated movement of tongue. teeth, lips. and palate to produce speech sounds.

Question 3

Give an example of phonology.

Answer 3

Cognitive and theoretical concepts of the nature, production, and rules for producing and combining speech sounds in language

Question 4

What are phonemes? Give examples.

Answer 4

Actual speech sounds of language. Letters K and C can both be represented by the phoneme /k/.

Question 5

Are phonemes the same as the letters of an alphabet? Explain using examples.

Answer 5

No because letters K and C can both be represented by the same phoneme /k/. There can also be less syllables than letters in a word.

Question 6

Do phonemes differ from one language to another? Why might this be so?

Answer 6

Yes because each language has their own speech sounds due to their own rules for producing and combining speech sounds.

Question 7

What is phonotactics? Are phonotactics universal? Explain using examples.

Answer 7

Yes, not all languages have the same phonotactic rules. For example, ‘st’ is acceptable in English but ‘zk’ is not. Languages may have different manners of articulation making some sounds easier to produce than others.

Question 8

How are phonemes generally categorized?

Answer 8

Vowels or consonants

Question 9

Describe how the production of consonants is different from production of vowels?

Answer 9

Consonants require a more constricted vowel tract. Vowels are made with an unrestricted tract.

Question 10

Which are the three ways to classify consonants?

Answer 10

Place, Manner, Voicing (PMV)

Question 11

Which are the three ways to classify consonants?

Answer 11

Place, Manner, Voicing (PMV)

Question 12

Explain the places of articulation of speech sounds using examples.

Answer 12

Bilabial (/m/, /p/, /b/)
Labiodental (/f/, /v/)
Linguodental (/o/ as in then, /o/ as in thin)
Lingua-alveolar (/s/, /n/)
Lingua- palatal (/j/, /r/)
Lingua- velar (/k/, /g/)
Glottal (/h/)

Question 13

Explain the manners of production of speech sounds using examples.

Answer 13

Stop (/p/, /t/, /b/)
Fricative (/f/, /s/)
Affricates (/dz/ as in jump, /ts/ as in chair
Nasal (/m/, /n/)
Glide (/w/, /j/)
Liquid (/l/, /r/)

Question 14

What does voicing refer to?

Answer 14

Voicing refers to whether or not there is laryngeal vibration.
Voiced /b/, /m/, /w/, /z/
Voiceless /p/, /t/, /s/

Question 15

Define and differentiate functional from organic disorders.

Question 16

Which three factors are important concerning speech in children?

Question 17

Describe three characteristics of stuttering and give examples.

Answer 17

Repetition of sounds and syllables. (ex. m, m, m, m)
Sound prolongations (ex. mmmmmmmm)
Broken words (ex. m (pause) )

Question 18

What are the secondary characteristics? Explain using examples.

Answer 18

Behaviors like eye blinks, facial grimaces, facial tension, exaggerated movements.

Question 19

Describe some effects of stuttering on the life of a person who stutters.

Answer 19

Effect on school and work. Employers view stuttering as a disorder that decreases employability and opportunities for promotion.

Question 20

During what age does stuttering typically begin?

Answer 20

Stuttering occurs between ages of 2-5 years old.

Question 21

Describe spontaneous recovery.

Answer 21

Growing out of/ stopping stutter without any action taken.

Question 22

What are the swallowing disorders known as?

Answer 22

Dysphagia

Question 23

What are the four phases of swallowing? Describe each phase. Explain what could possibly go wrong in each phase to cause an issue.

Answer 23

Anticipatory phase is the salivating and preparation to take in food. (ex. mmm, mm!) Disinterest in eating in this phase could be from depression, limited alertness, and sensory and motor impairments.

Oral phase can be broken down into preparatory and transport phases:
Preparatory is the liquid/solid being formed into a bolus by tongue and teeth. (ex. chew chew chew) Transport is the bolus being moved from the front to the back of the mouth; pharyngeal reflex triggered.
A poor lip seal, drooling, poor muscle tone, missing teeth, insufficient saliva lead to inadequate bolus formation and transport.

Pharyngeal phase is when the soft palate moves to prevent bolus from moving into nasal cavity, hyoid bone bringing larynx up and forward, trachea is closed by true and false vocal folds and epiglottis is lowered, cricopharyngeal sphincter opens and food moves through esophagus.
Inability to close nasal port may result in nasal regurgitation. If pharyngeal swallow is not triggered, food may aspirate into airway.

Esophageal phase occurs when the bolus moves in peristaltic contractions from top of esophagus to stomach.
Inadequate peristalsis may leave residue on walls causing infections.

Question 24

What are some causes of pediatric and adult swallowing disorders? Explain using examples

Answer 24

Some causes for pediatric swallowing disorders are cerebral palsy, spina bifida, cognitive or developmental disabilities, pervasive developmental disorders, autism, HIV/AIDS, and structural abnormalities.

Causes for adult swallowing disorders are stroke, cancer, MS or ALS, Parkinsonism, spinal cord injury, medications and other non-food substances, dementia, and depression.

Question 25

Define frequency. What is its unit of measurement?

Answer 25

Frequency is the vibratory rate of the vocal folds. It can be measured in hertz (hz) or cycles per second (cps).

Question 26

What is fundamental frequency? What is: pitch, habitual pitch and optimal pitch?

Answer 26

Fundamental frequency is the central tendency of frequency of vibration of the vocal folds during connected speech.

Pitch is the perception of the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds. Habitual pitch is the average fundamental fluency used by an individual. Optimal pitch is the most efficient level voice is produced.

Question 27

How does one change one’s pitch? Explain the mechanism.

Answer 27

Pitch is changed by changing the intensity. This is done by increasing or decreasing the air pressure that pushes vocal folds apart.