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Ocular Pharmacology > Lecture Quiz > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

For topical eye drops, through which structure does most ocular absorption occur?

A

Cornea

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2
Q

What properties help drugs penetrate better through barriers in the eye? (more than one correct answer)

A

Lipophilic, Higher partition coefficient

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a way that ocular drugs are eliminated by?

None of the above
Blood-aqueous barrier
Blood-retinal barrier
Conventional outflow
Transcorneal diffusion

A

Transcorneal diffusion

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4
Q

What is the area under the curve in pharmacokinetics used to calculate?

A

Bioavailability

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5
Q

Which of the following does not affect the half-life of a drug?
Elimination rate
Clearance
Volume of distribution
Maximum concentration

A

Maximum concentration

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6
Q

What is the relationship between half-life and loading dose?

A

Longer half - life, larger loading dose

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7
Q

Which of the following is NOT a receptor target?
Kinase-linked
Ion channels
G-protein coupled
Nuclear

A

Kinase-linked
Ion channels
G-protein coupled
Nuclear

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8
Q

Which of the following is NOT a receptor target?
Kinase-linked
Ion channels
G-protein coupled
Nuclear

A

Ion channels

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9
Q

Where does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system synapse at?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

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10
Q

What kind of receptor action does Betaxolol have?

A

Competitive B1 antagonist

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11
Q

Which of the follow actions is not an action of a muscarinic antagonist?

Bradycardia
Dry skin
Mydriasis
Bronchial constriction

A

Bronchial constriction

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12
Q

What is the action of the drug that is used to screen for Adie’s pupil?

A

Muscarinic agonist

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13
Q

Which of these drugs causes miosis (more than one answer)?

Tropicamide
Pilocarpine
Phenylephrine
Perenzipine
Bimonidine

A

Bimonidine
Pilocarpine

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14
Q

Which of these drug combinations would produce maximal dilation (and relatively easy to access in Australia)?

A

Tropicamide 1% and Phenylepherine 2.5%

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15
Q

Which of these descriptions about cycloplegic agents (used in clinical practice here in Australia) are true?

Cycloplegics are competitive parasympathetic agonists
Cycloplegics are competitive sympathetic antagonists
Cycloplegics are competitive anticholinergics
Cycloplegics are noncompetitive antimuscarinics
Cycloplegics are competitive adrenergic agonists

A

Cycloplegics are competitive anticholinergics

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16
Q

Which of the following is true about fluorescein staining?

Uptake by cells and pools around cells via loosened junctions
Stains membrane-damaged or devitalized cells
Stains cells that are missing mucin
Stains bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva best
Stings on instillation

A

Uptake by cells and pools around cells via loosened junctions

17
Q

Duration of anaesthesia is NOT increased by?
Using drugs that have higher lipid solubility
Using drugs that have high protein binding
Using drugs that have an ester linkage compared to an amide linkage
Using drugs that cause vasoconstriction

A

Using drugs that have an ester linkage compared to an amide linkage

18
Q

When using phenylephrine 2.5% in a clinical setting:

List two (2) precautions of using these drops. (2 marks)

A

Individuals on medications: Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants (both are anti-depressants); Methyldopa (Aldomet) blood pressure medication

Individuals with cardiovascular disease (heart disease, systemic hypertension)

19
Q

PHENYLEPHRINE List two (2) checks that should be done prior to instilling these drops. (2 marks)

A

IOP AND AC ANGLE

20
Q

List two (2) warnings for patients or things patients need to be aware of prior to instilling these drops.

A

Photophobia (wear sunglasses afterwards)

Blurriness (particularly up close; inform the patient how long it is going to last for, and what activities to avoid, i.e. driving)

Signs and symptoms of acute angle closure, and adverse reactions

21
Q

When using phenylephrine 2.5% in a clinical setting:

Describe two (2) uses of these drops in a clinical setting and how these actions arise. Include the type of medication, which receptors on which ocular structures are affected, how the ocular structure is affected and link these to how the actions arise. (5 marks)

A

In combination with tropicamide for maximal dilation and sectoral dilation,

Phenylephrine is a mydriatic: adrenergic alpha 1 receptor agonist causing contraction of the iris dilator, without cycloplegia.

22
Q

Describe the properties of one (1) type of substituted cellulose ether and how it may be useful in dry eye. Include in your answer the name of an ingredient and an example of a brand that uses this type of ingredient. (3 marks)

A

Cohesive and emollient properties, helps with tear
film stability

23
Q

Describe the properties of one (1) type of emollient and how it may be useful in dry eye. Include in your answer the name of an ingredient and an example of a brand that uses this type of ingredient. (3 marks)

A

Lipid Based retinol Palmitate

  • An antioxidant and ester of vitamin A and palmitic acid
  • Thought to promote production of hyaluronic acid and mucin to improve corneal epithelial disorders, mucin covering disorders, and recovery of conjunctival goblet cell numbers
  • May improve subjective symptoms, clinical symptoms, and cytological findings in dry eyes, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, and other corneal/conjunctival disease
  • Appears to improve visual acuity, ocular surface staining, and dry eye subjective symptoms
24
Q

What are the common classes of drugs that affect these bacterial structures or functions (8 marks) and which ones are available as eye drops in Australia (1 mark)? The numbers denote the number of classes for each one. (Bonus, do you remember how they work?)

A

Cell wall - cephalosporin (can be compounded), penicillin, vancomycin

30S subunit - tetracyclines, aminoglycosides (yes)

50S subunit - chloramphenicol (yes), macrolides

DNA - quinolones (yes)

25
Q

Which of these is the enzyme activates acyclovir by phosphorylation?

Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
Viral beta-lactamase
Viral thymidine kinase
Acyclovir triphosphate

A

Viral thymidine kinase

26
Q

Which of the following medications is not a commonly used antifungal?

Natamycin
Flucytosine
Caspofungin
Amphotericin B

A

Caspofungin

27
Q

Which of the following is false about protozoal infections?

Protozoa grow by extending their hyphae
Cysts are encased in a tough proteoglycan coat making them hard to treat
Acanthamoeba keratitis is often misdiagnosed as viral, fungal or bacterial keratitis
Protozoa are found in many environments

A

Protozoa grow by extending their hyphae

Ocular Pharmacology (5 decks)

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