Chapter 10 - Late Childhood

Question 1

The social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts
and feelings.

Answer 1

Perspective taking

Question 2

Refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

Answer 2

Self-esteem

Question 3

Refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

Answer 3

Self-concept

Question 4

Belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

Answer 4

Self-efficacy

Question 5

An increase capacity that characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one’s behavior, emotions, and thoughts, leading to increased social competence and achievement

Answer 5

Self-regulation

Question 6

An educational program that focuses on these aspects of social-emotional learning from pre-K through the eighth grade

Answer 6

Second step

Question 7

An educational program that targets five core social and emotional learning domains

Answer 7

Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning or CASEL

Question 8

Who proposed the second major perspective on moral development?

Answer 8

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 9

The lowest level of moral reasoning that children interpret good and bad in terms of external rewards and punishments.

Answer 9

Preconventional reasoning

Question 10

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development where individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others, such as parents or the laws of society and it is also called the second level of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning.

Answer 10

Conventional reasoning

Question 11

This is the third and highest level in Kohlberg’s theory. At this level, morality is more internal. Individuals engage in deliberate checks on their reasoning to ensure that it meets high ethical standards.

Answer 11

Postconventional reasoning

Question 12

A moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.

Answer 12

Justice perspective

Question 13

The moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

Answer 13

Care perspective

Question 14

A theory where children’s and adolescents’ moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning
emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience.

Answer 14

Domain theory of moral development

Question 15

This focuses on conventional rules that have been established by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system.

Answer 15

Social conventional reasoning

Question 16

A pattern of moral characteristics that is distinctively their own

Answer 16

Moral personality

Question 17

A moral that individual has when moral notions and moral commitments are central to their lives

Answer 17

Moral identity

Question 18

A kind of moral that a person which has the willpower, desire, and integrity to stand up to pressure, overcome distractions and disappointments, and behave morally.

Answer 18

Moral character

Question 19

A moral that individual has which their moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues reflect moral excellence and commitment.

Answer 19

Moral exemplars

Question 20

A notion reflect which are broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about females and males.

Answer 20

Gender stereotypes

Question 21

Children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

Answer 21

Popular children

Question 22

Children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from peers.

Answer 22

Average children

Question 23

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

Answer 23

Neglected children

Question 24

Children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

Answer 24

Rejected children

Question 25

Children who are frequently nominated both as a best friend and as being disliked by their peers.

Answer 25

Controversial children

Question 26

Friendship provides children with a familiar partner and playmate, someone who is willing to spend time with them and join in collaborative activities.

Answer 26

Companionship

Question 27

Friendship provides children with interesting information, excitement, and amusement.

Answer 27

Stimulation

Question 28

Friendship provides resources and assistance.

Answer 28

Physical support

Question 29

Friendship provides the expectation of support, encouragement, and feedback, which helps children maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals.

Answer 29

Ego support

Question 30

Friendship provides information about where the child stands vis-à-vis others and whether the child is doing okay.

Answer 30

Social comparison

Question 31

Friendship provides children with a warm, close, trusting relationship with another individual.

Answer 31

Affection and intimacy

Question 32

A learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.

Answer 32

Constructivist approach

Question 33

Teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.

Answer 33

Direct instruction approach