Chapter 2: Movement Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Using an example from a sport of your choice, identify the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint. (4)

A

AO1
• Flexion (1)
• Extension (1)

AO2
Answers must contain the movement and a relevant sporting example.
• (Flexion) lifting a hockey stick in preparation to strike the ball (1)
• (Extension) movement of the stick downwards to strike the ball (1)

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2
Q

What three components do all levers have?

A

Levers all contain:

• Fulcrum

• Load (Resistance)

• Effort

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3
Q

For 1st, 2nd and 3rd class levers describe their mechanical advantage

A

1st= can have a high/low MA depending on the lengths of load/effort arms

2nd = Always have high MA

3rd = Always have low MA

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4
Q

Define Lever

A

Lever = a rigid bar (usually a bone) that moves around an axis (usually a joint)

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5
Q

Define Fulcrum

A

Fulcrum = a fixed point which a lever turns around (also called an axis or joint)

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6
Q

Define Load

A

Load = the weight or resistance that a lever moves

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7
Q

Define Effort

A

Effort = The force required to move a load, usually applied by the muscles

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8
Q

First Class Lever

A

Fulcrum is always in the middle, load and effort at either end

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9
Q

Third Class Lever

A

Effort is always in the middle, fulcrum and load at either end

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10
Q

Second Class Lever

A

Load is always in the middle, fulcrum and effort at either end

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11
Q

Explain Mechanical Disadvantage

A

Mechanical Disadvantage = when the load arm is longer than the effort arm the load is hard to move

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12
Q

Explain Mechanical Advantage

A

Mechanical Advantage = Levers with long effort arm and short load arm can move heavy loads with less effort eg a wheelbarrow

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13
Q

What are the Load Arm and Effort Arm?

A

Load Arm = distance from the load to the fulcrum

Effort Arm = distance from the effort to the fulcrum

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14
Q

What is Mechanical Advantage

A

Mechanical Advantage is the relationship between the length of the Load Arm and the length of the Effort Arm of a Lever System

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15
Q

Define Flexion and Extension. Which type of joint do they occur at?

A

Flexion = Closing the angle of a joint
Extension = Opening the angle of a joint
Both occur at hinge joint (elbow/knee)

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16
Q

Define Abduction and Adduction, which type of joint does this occur at?

A

Abduction = Taking arm/leg away from midline of the body
Adduction = Adding an arm/leng to midline of the body
Both occur at ball and socket (shoulder/hip) joint

17
Q

Define Dorsi-Flexion and Plantar-Flexion. Which joint do they occur at?

A

Dorsiflexion = foot flexes upwards

Plantar flexion = foot flexes downwards (point toes)

Both occur at ankle joint

18
Q

Define Rotation, which type of joint does this occur at

A

Rotation = Circular movement around a fixed joint

Occurs at ball and socket joints in shoulder/hip

19
Q

Describe the Frontal Plane

A

Frontal Plane = divides the body into front and back halves and is concerned with side to side movement eg abduction and adduction

20
Q

Describe the Transverse Plane

A

Transverse Plane = divides body into top and bottom halves, concerned with rotational movement.

21
Q

Describe the Sagittal Plane

A

Sagittal Plane = divides the body into left and right halves and is concerned with forward and backward movements eg flexion and extension

22
Q

Describe the Sagittal Axis

A

Sagittal Axis = Runs through the belly button from front to back, allowing abduction and adduction movements
e.g., the Cartwheel axis

23
Q

Describe the Longitudinal Axis

A

Longitudinal Axis = Runs vertically through the body from head to toe allows rotation
e.g., the Twisting axis

24
Q

Describe the Transverse Axis

A

Transverse Axis = Runs through hips from left to right allows flexion and extension
e.g., the Somersault axis

25
Q

Which planes correspond to which axes?

A

Frontal Plane = Sagittal Axis

Transverse Plane = Longitudinal Axis

Sagittal Plane = Transverse Axis

26
Q

Define Planes & Axes

A

Plane = Imaginary line that splits the body into two halves and depicts the direction of movement

Axis = imaginary line through the body around which the body parts rotate

27
Q

Identify the plane and the axis when the arm bends at the elbow.

A

•   Sagittal plane (1)

•   Transverse axis (1)

28
Q

Identify the type of lever being used at the elbow during the forehand tennis stroke.

A

Third class lever (1)

29
Q

A gymnast performs a cartwheel, which plane and axis is the movement taking place about?

A

•   Frontal (plane) (1)

•   Sagittal (axis) (1)

30
Q

Which one of these shows how to calculate the mechanical advantage of a lever?

A Effort arm × weight (resistance) arm

B Effort arm ÷ weight (resistance) arm

C Effort arm + weight (resistance) arm

D Effort arm − weight (resistance) arm

A

B Effort arm ÷ weight (resistance) arm

31
Q

Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘adduction’ at a ball and socket joint?

A The movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

B The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

C The movement of a limb in a complete circle

D The movement of a limb which increases the angle of a joint

A

B The movement of a limb towards the midline of the body

32
Q

Name the two types of movement that can occur at a hinge joint.

A

• Flexion or bending or decreasing the angle (between the bones) (1)

• Extension or straightening or increasing the angle (between the bones) (1)

33
Q

What type of movement occurs in the Frontal Plane & about the Sagittal Axis? Give a sporting example

A

Abduction & Adduction

Relevant sporting example: e.g.,
Cartwheel
Butterfly swimming
Star Jumps

34
Q

What type of movement occurs in the Transverse Plane and about the Longitudinal Axis? Give a sporting example

A

Rotation

Relevant sporting example: e.g.,
Discus Throw
Hammer Throw
360o twist
Ice Skating Spin
360° twist (ice skating spin)/discus thrower

35
Q

What type of movement occurs in the Sagittal Plane and about the Transverse Axis? Give a sporting example

A

Flexion & Extension;
Plantar flexion & Dorsi flexion

Relevant sporting example: e.g.,
Front somersault
Forward roll
Running action