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Biochem & Cell bio > Unit 8.1 > Flashcards

Unit 8.1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

building blocks of nucleic acids (monomers)

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2
Q

what are nucleotides involved in?

A
  • ATP
  • allosteric effectors (GTP, ATP)
  • Secondary messengers (cAMP, cGMP)
  • Components of enzyme cofactors (e.g. Coenzyme A)
  • Components of metabolic intermediates (e.g., UDP-glucose)
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3
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotide polymers (DNA, RNA)

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4
Q

what are nucleic acids involved in?

A
  • Storing genetic information (DNA)
  • templates for translating information (RNA)
  • catalytic activity (RNA)
  • regulating gene expression (RNA)

*RNA is more diverse in function than DNA b/c it is more diverse in structure

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5
Q

what is the central dogma?

A

DNA > RNA > Proteins

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6
Q

What is DNA?

A

Information storage

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7
Q

How does DNA go to RNA to Protein?

A

DNA is transcribed into RNA. RNA is translated to proteins

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8
Q

What is transcription vs. translation

A
  • transcription is the precise copying of information from DNA to RNA. Translation is the conversion from RNA to protein language.
  • transcription happens first
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9
Q

what part does protein play in the central dogma?

A
  • proteins are responsible for transcribing and translating DNA and RNA
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10
Q

What it is called when RNA goes to DNA?

A

reverse transcription.
* this can be done by retroviruses

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11
Q

What occurs in the nucleus?

A. Replication
B. Transcription
C. RNA processing
D. mRNA translation

A

A, B, C

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12
Q

What occurs in the cytoplasm/cytosol?

A. Transcription
B. RNA processing
C. mRNA translation
D. Replication

A

C

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13
Q

Where are ribosomes assembled?

A

The nucleolus

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14
Q

What organisms were critical in learning about DNA replication, transcription, etc?

A

viruses

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15
Q

What is the DNA backbone made of?

A

Sugars (pentoses), Phosphate groups and the nitrogenous bases are attached to the backbone

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16
Q

What is the difference between Ribose and deoxyribose? Similarity?

A

Ribose: the 2’ carbon has an -OH group
Deoxyribose: the 2’ carbon has an -H group

Both ring formation is from 1’ to 4’

17
Q

Describe purines

A
  • Adenine and Guanine
  • have two rings
  • both adenine and guanine have a -NH2 bound
18
Q

Describe pyrimidines

A
  • Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
  • have a single ring
  • all have one or two double bonded oxygens
  • thymine is essentially methylated Uracil
19
Q

Where and when are cytosine, uracil, and thymine used?

A

Cytosine: DNA and RNA
Uracil: RNA only
Thymine: Put together (denovo) DNA

20
Q

What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?

A
  • Nucleoside does NOT contain a phosphate
  • Nucleotide does contain a phosphate group
21
Q

Identify how many phosphates the following nucleotides have:

  1. Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP)
  2. Nucleoside diphosphate (NDP)
  3. Nucleoside triphosphate (NTP)
A
  1. ONE phosphate
  2. TWO
  3. THREE
22
Q

LIST the Adenine (A) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA

A

Nucleoside in RNA: Adenosine
Nucleoside in DNA: Deoxyadenosine (deprotanated)

Nucleotide in RNA: Adenylate
Nucleotide in DNA: Deoxyadenylate (deprotonated)

23
Q

LIST the Guanine (G) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA

A

Nucleoside in RNA: Guanosine
Nucleoside in DNA: Deoxyguanosine

Nucleotide in RNA: Guanylate
Nucleotide in DNA: Deoxyguanosine (deprotonated)

24
Q

LIST the Cytosine (C) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA

A

Nucleoside in RNA: Cytidine
Nucleoside in DNA: deoxycytidine

Nucleotide in RNA: Cytidylate
Nucleotide in DNA: deoxycytidylate

25
Q

LIST the Thymine (T) and Uracil (U) terminology as a nucleoside and nucleotide in RNA and DNA

A

Nucleoside in RNA: Uridine
Nucleoside in DNA: Deoxythymidine

Nucleotide in RNA: Uridylate
Nucleoside in DNA: deoxythymidylate

26
Q

What are the bonds between nucleotides, found in nucleic acid primary structure?

A
  • phosphodiester bonds. They are covalent
  • Bond is between the 3’ carbon and 5’ carbon. The -OH on the 3’ bonds to the phosphate on the 5’.
27
Q

What bonds are formed between the sugar and base? and Where?

A

N-glycosidic bond. (aka B-Glycosidic linkage)
- anomeric C-atom (1’ carbon)
- N-9 in purines
- N-1 in pyrimidines

28
Q

What is the directionality of Nucleic acids?

A
  • 5’ to 3’ direction
29
Q

What is the difference between oligonucleotides and polynucleotides?

A
  • oligonucleotides are anything shorter than 50 nucleotides
  • polynucleotides are longer than 50
30
Q

What is the primary structure of nucleic acids?

A

the base sequence
ex.) ACG

Biochem & Cell bio (20 decks)

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