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Neuroanatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT10 > Cerebral Cortex and Cortical Areas > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex and Cortical Areas Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Cerebral Lobes and Subcortical Structures

A
  • Frontal lobe
  • Temporal lobe
  • Parietal lobe
  • Occipital lobe
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
  • Spinal cord
  • Mid brain
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2
Q

Sulcus - Definition

A

A fissure (depression) in the surface of the brain.

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3
Q

Gyrus - Definition

A

a ridge on the cerebral cortex.

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4
Q

Frontal Lobe - Delimitation, Sulci (4)

A

Delimitation: in front of central sulcus, where precentral gyrus lies.
Sulci:
- Superior frontal sulcus
- Inferior frontal sulcus
- Precentral sulcus
- Central sulcus

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5
Q

Frontal Lobe - Gyri (5)

A
  • Middle frontal gyrus
  • Precentral gyrus
  • Pars orbitalis
  • Pars triangularis
  • Pars opercularis
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6
Q

Parietal Lobe - Delimitation and Division

A

Behind central sulcus, above lateral fissure, ending on parieto-occipital fissure. Divided into superior and inferior parietal lobules by intraparietal sulcus.

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7
Q

Parietal Lobe - Sulci (4) and Gyri (2)

A

Sulci:
- Postcentral sulcus
- Intraparietal sulcus
- Parietooccipital fissure
- Lateral cerebral fissure (sylvanian fissure)
Gyri:
- Postcentral gyrus
- Precuneus

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8
Q

Temporal Lobe - Delimitation, Sulci (2) and Gyri (3/4)

A

Delimitation: beneath the lateral fissure, divided in 3 principal gyri that run parallel to this fissure.
Sulci:
- Superior temporal sulcus
- Inferior temporal sulcus
Gyri:
- Superior temporal gyrus
- Middle temporal gyrus
- Inferior temporal gyrus
Auditory gyri under the temporal lobe.

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9
Q

Occipital Lobe - Delimitations and Sulci (4)

A

Delimitations: marked by parieto-occipital sulcus on the medial surface.
Sulci:
- Parieto-occipital sulcus (dividing both lobes)
- Superior occipital sulcus (extension of intraparietal sulcus)
- Collateral sulcus (extension of inferior temporal sulcus)
- Calcarine sulcus

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10
Q

Occipital Lobe - Gyri (4)

A
  • Superior occipital gyrus
  • Inferior occipital gyrus
  • Middle occipital gyrus
  • Cuneus
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11
Q

Insular Lobe - Delimitation, Sulci (1) and Gyri (2)

A

Delimitation: Deep underneath sylvanian fissure, under frontal, parietal and temporal lobules.
Sulci:
- Short insular sulcus.
Gyri:
- Anterior insular lobule
- Posterior insular lobule

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12
Q

Insular Lobe - Function

A

Sensory processing, neural substrate for addictive urges, implicating a role in behavioral modulation, mediating compulsion.

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13
Q

Laterality - Dominant Hemisphere

A

Left hemisphere if you are right handed, right hemisphere if you are left handed.
Most developed M1 (connection complexity).
Usually contains the communication centers.
Higher activation in processes involving planning and strategy.

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14
Q

Laterality - Non-dominant Hemisphere

A

Most complex connections between temporal pole and parietal lobe.
Higher activation in processes involving perception and abstraction.

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15
Q

Homunculus Cerebri

A

Describes a representation of the body in the primary motor (M1) and somatosensory cortex (S1). A map along the cerebral cortex of where each part of the body is processed.

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16
Q

Primary Cortical Areas (5)- Function and Areas

A

Assemble inputs from sensory systems or are responsible for executing a motor plan. Receive input, send output, no info processing.
- Primary motor cortex (M1)
- Primary somatosensory cortex (S1)
- Primary visual cortex (V1)
- Primary auditory cortex (A1)
- Primary olfactory cortex/Entorhinal cortex (O1)

17
Q

Primary Motor Cortex (M1) - Function and Location

A

Located on the precentral gyrus.
Responsible for executing the motor plan after regulation and influences the direction of movement on the dominant side.

18
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) - Location and Function

A

Located on the postcentral gyrus.
Receives and integrates sensory information related to touch and the sensing of body position and movement. Proprioception, temperature.

19
Q

Primary Visual Cortex (V1) - Function and Location

A

Located in the occipital lobe.
Responsible for the integration and perception of visual information.

20
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) - Location and Function

A

Located in superior temporal gyri.
Responsible for the reception of auditory information.

21
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex/Entorhinal Cortex (O1) - Location and Function

A

Located in the temporal lobe.
Responsible for our sense of smell.

22
Q

Secondary Cortical Areas (6) - Function and Areas

A

Responsible for combining inputs from the primary areas, in order to create a context of internal and external processes and maintain memory of motor processes (long and short term procedural memory).
- Supplementary motor cortex (SMA/spMC)
- Premotor cortex (PMC)
- Association cortex (AC)
- Secondary visual cortex (V2)
- Broca area (B)
- Wernicke area (W)

23
Q

Supplementary Motor Cortex (SMA) - Function and Location

A

Located in the posterior one third of the superior frontal gyrus. Spatial navigation and usually related to shortly learned movements - short term memory, movement strategy.

24
Q

Premotor Cortex (PMC) - Location and Function

A

Located anterior to M1. Long term procedural memory, movement strategy.

25
Q

Association Cortex (AC) - Location and Function

A

Close to the intraparietal sulcus and is involved in spatial orientation.

26
Q

Broca Area (B) - Location and Function

A

Located in the inferior frontal gyrus. Known as motor speech area, utilized in speech production. This area regulates breathing patterns while speaking and vocalizations required for normal speech.

27
Q

Wernicke Area (W) - Location and Function

A

Close to the auditory cortex, and located in the superior temporal gyrus. It is associated with language comprehension, receiving information from the sensory association areas. Dominant hemisphere only.

28
Q

Tertiary Cortical Areas - Function and Areas

A

Responsible for interpreting internal and external contexts, reasoning processes, decision making and declarative memory processes.
- Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
- Tertiary Visual Cortex (V3)
- Temporal Pole (TP)

29
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (dlPFC)- Function

A

Involved in the development of motor strategies (dominant) and behavioral strategies (non-dominant).

30
Q

Frontal Pole Cortex (FPC/FP) - Function

A

Involved in intrinsic cognitive processes.

31
Q

Ventrolateral/Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vl/vmPFC) - Function

A

Ventrolateral: Involved in adaptive behavior.
Ventromedial: Involved in social behavior.

32
Q

Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex (dmPFC) - Function

A

Involved in working memory and its relation to emotional modulation.

33
Q

Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) - Function

A

Involved in associative learning (stimulus-stimulus learning association), mainly taste and smell with visual representation from the temporal pole.

34
Q

Temporal Pole - Dorsal Network

A

Process input relating to SMA and A1. Related to verbal communication semantics.

35
Q

Temporal Pole - Ventromedial Network

A

Connected to higher level visual areas, hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex, related to visual association/perception.

36
Q

Temporal Pole - Medial Network

A

Connected to paralimbic structures and the olfactory tubercle in O1, related to olfactory association.

37
Q

Temporal Pole - Anterolateral Network

A

Temporal insular cortex and amygdala/hippocampus, related to default semantic.

38
Q

Speech and Understanding

A

Broca area, Wernicke area and arcuate fasciculus (tract) are responsible.
Broca: speech production, including syntax, coherence, word selection…
Wernicke: Language comprehension.

39
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of axons (white matter) that connects right and left hemisphere. Involved in all disconnective disorders

Neuroanatomy, Physiology and Pathology - BPT10 (32 decks)

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