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ANAPHY LECTURE > Chapter 4 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them

A

Tissues

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2
Q

Body tissues are classified into:

A

4 types
structure of the cells
composition of the noncellular substances surrounding the cells (called
the extracellular matrix)
functions of the cells

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3
Q

The four primary tissue types:

A

epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue

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4
Q

the microscopic study of tissues

A

Histology

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5
Q

the process of removing
tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes.

A

biopsy

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6
Q

an examination of the organs of a
dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease.

A

autopsy

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7
Q

-blast means?

A

bud or germ

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8
Q

Approximately 13 or 14 days after fertilization, the embryonic stem cells that give rise to a new individual form a slightly elongated disk
consisting of two layers:

A

epiblast
hypoblast

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9
Q

Cells of the epiblast then migrate
between the two layers to form the three embryonic germ layers:

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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10
Q

give rise to all the tissues of the body

A

The germ layers

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11
Q

the inner layer, forms the lining
of the digestive tract and its derivatives.

A

endoderm

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12
Q

the middle layer, forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels

A

mesoderm

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13
Q

the outer layer, forms the skin.

A

ectoderm

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14
Q

the portion of the ectoderm called __ becomes the nervous system

A

neuroectoderm

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15
Q

the groups of cells that break away from the neuroectoderm during development that give rise to parts of the peripheral nerves, skin pigment, the medulla of the adrenal gland, and many tissues of the face.

A

neural crest cells

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16
Q

covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body

A

Epithelial tissue, or epithelium

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17
Q

characteristics common to most types of epithelial tissue:

A
  1. Mostly composed of cells.
  2. Covers body surfaces.
  3. Distinct cell surfaces.
  4. Cell and matrix connections.
  5. Nonvascular.
  6. Capable of regeneration.
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18
Q

where cells are exposed and not
attached to other cells.

A

free, or apical surface

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19
Q

where cells are attached to other epithelial cells.

A

lateral surface

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20
Q

attached to a basement membrane.

A

basal surface

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21
Q

often lines the lumen of ducts, vessels, and cavities.

A

free surface

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22
Q

a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.

A

basement membrane

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23
Q

Functions of Epithelial Tissues:

A
  1. Protecting underlying structures.
  2. Acting as a barrier.
  3. Permitting the passage of substances.
  4. Secreting substances.
  5. Absorbing substances.
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24
Q

Classification of Epithelial Tissues based on the number of cell layers in each:

A
  1. Simple epithelium
  2. Stratified epithelium
  3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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25
Q

single layer of cells, with each
cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface.

A

Simple epithelium

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26
Q

consists of more than one layer of
cells, but only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer to the
basement membrane.

A

Stratified epithelium

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27
Q

pseudo- means?

A

false

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28
Q

this type of epithelium appears to be stratified but is not. It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells attached to the basement
membrane.

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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29
Q

three types of epithelium based on idealized shapes of the epithelial cells:

A
  1. Squamous
  2. Cuboidal
  3. Columnar
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30
Q

cells are flat or scalelike

A

Squamous

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31
Q

cells are cube-shaped—about as wide as
they are tall.

A

Cuboidal

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32
Q

(tall and thin, similar to a column) cells tend to be taller than they are wide

A

Columnar

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33
Q

consists of one layer of flat, or
scalelike, cells that rest on a basement membrane

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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34
Q

consists of several layers of cells.
Near the basement membrane, the cells are more cube-shaped, but at the free surface the cells are flat or scalelike

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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35
Q

are columnar in shape (taller than they
are wide) and, although they appear to consist of more than one layer, all the cells rest on the basement membrane

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells

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36
Q

Roughly cuboidal to columnar
when not stretched and squamouslike when stretched

A

Transitional epithelium

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37
Q

S: Single layer of flat,
often hexagonal cells
F: Diffusion, filtration,
some secretion, and some
protection against friction
L: Lining of blood vessels
and the heart, lymphatic vessels etc. (kidney)

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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38
Q

S: Single layer of cube shaped cells.
F: Secretion and
absorption by cells of the kidney
tubules etc.
L: Kidney tubules, glands
and their ducts etc. (kidney)

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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39
Q

S: Single layer of tall,
narrow cells
F: Movement of particles
out of the bronchioles of the lungs
by ciliated cells; partially responsible
for the movement of oocytes through
the uterine tubes by ciliated cells;
secretion by cells of the glands,
the stomach, and the intestines.
absorption by cells of the small
and large intestines
L: Glands and some ducts,
bronchioles of the lungs, auditory
tubes, uterus, uterine tubes,
stomach, intestines, gallbladder,
bile ducts, ventricles of the brain (Lining of
stomach and intestines)

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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40
Q

S: Multiple layers of cells that
are cube-shaped in the basal layer and
progressively flattened toward the surface
F: Protection against abrasion, a barrier against
infection, reduction of water loss from the body
L:
Keratinized— skin
nonkeratinized—mouth,
throat, larynx, esophagus, anus,
vagina, inferior urethra, cornea

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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41
Q

the surface cells retain a nucleus and cytoplasm.

A

nonkeratinized
stratified squamous epithelium

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42
Q

the cytoplasm of cells at the surface is replaced
by a protein called keratin, and the cells
are dead

A

keratinized stratified epithelium

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43
Q

S: Multiple layers of
somewhat cube-shaped cells
F: Secretion, absorption,
protection against infection
L: Sweat gland ducts,
ovarian follicular cells, salivary
gland ducts

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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44
Q

S: Multiple layers of cells
with tall, thin cells resting on layers
of more cube-shaped cells
F: Protection, secretion
L: Mammary gland ducts,
larynx, a portion of the male urethra

A

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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45
Q

S: Single layer of cells;
some cells are tall and thin and
reach the free surface, and others
do not
F: Synthesize and secrete
mucus onto the free surface;
move mucus (or fluid) that
contains foreign particles over the
surface of the free surface and
from passages
L: Lining of the nasal
cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory
tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi
of the lungs

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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46
Q

S: Stratified cells that
appear cube-shaped when the
organ or tube is not stretched and
squamous when the organ or tube
is stretched by fluid
F: Accommodate
fluctuations in the volume of fluid
in organs or tubes; protect against
the caustic effects of urine
L: : Lining of the urinary
bladder, ureters, superior urethra

A

Transitional Epithelium

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47
Q

specialized columnar epithelial cells that are responsible for synthesizing and secreting mucus

A

goblet cells

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48
Q

are extensions of the cell that greatly increase free surface area. They occur in cells that absorb or secrete, such as serous membranes and the lining of the small intestine

A

Microvilli

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49
Q

are a specialized, elongated form of microvilli found in sensory structures, such as the inner ear

A

Stereocilia

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50
Q

consist of adhesive
glycoproteins that bind cells together and intracellular proteins
attached to intermediate filaments that extend into the cytoplasm
of the cells

A

desmosomes

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51
Q

similar to one-half of a desmosome, attach epithelial cells to the basement
membrane.

A

Hemidesmosomes

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52
Q

hold cells together and form a permeability
barrier

A

Tight junctions

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53
Q

formed by proteins in the
plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join one another to make
a very tight seal

A

Tight junctions

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54
Q

in glycoproteins, found just below the
tight junction

A

adhesion belt

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55
Q

a small, specialized contact region
between cells containing protein channels that aid intercellular communication by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another

A

gap junction

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55
Q

contain both gap junctions and desmosomes that help hold adjacent cells in close contact.

A

intercalated disks

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56
Q

composed primarily of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue

A

Glands

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57
Q

Glands with ducts are
called

A

exocrine glands (Both the glands and their
ducts are lined with epithelium)

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58
Q

some glands become
separated from the epithelium of their origin and have no ducts; these are called

A

endocrine glands (have extensive blood vessels)

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59
Q

cellular products of endocrine
glands

A

hormones

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60
Q

glands that are composed of many cells

A

multicellular glands

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61
Q

glands that are composed of a single cell

A

unicellular glands

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62
Q

glands that have a single, nonbranched duct

A

Simple glands

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63
Q

if there are multiple secretory regions that branch off the duct, then the gland is called

A

branched

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64
Q

have multiple, branched ducts

A

Compound glands

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65
Q

Glands with secretory regions
shaped as tubules

A

tubular

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66
Q

shaped in saclike structures

A

acinar or alveolar

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67
Q

most common type of secretion

A

merocrine secretion

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68
Q

involves the release of secretory products by exocytosis

A

merocrine secretion

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69
Q

involves the release of secretory products as pinched off fragments of the gland cells

A

Apocrine secretion

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70
Q

involves the shedding of entire cells

A

Holocrine secretion

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71
Q

a diverse primary tissue type that makes up
part of every organ in the body.

A

Connective tissue

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72
Q

differs from the other three tissue types in that it consists of cells separated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix.

A

Connective tissue

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73
Q

Functions of Connective Tissue (7)

A
  1. Enclosing and separating other tissues.
  2. Connecting tissues to one another.
  3. Supporting and moving parts of the body.
  4. Storing compounds.
  5. Cushioning and insulating.
  6. Transporting.
  7. Protecting.
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74
Q

extracellular matrix is produced by?

A

specialized cells of the various connective tissues

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75
Q

blasts

A

create the matrix

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76
Q

cytes

A

maintain

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77
Q

clasts

A

break it down for remodeling

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78
Q

cells that form fibrous connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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79
Q

maintain fibrous connective tissue

A

fibrocytes

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79
Q

form cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

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80
Q

maintain cartilage

A

chondrocytes

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81
Q

also called adipose cells, contain large amounts of lipid.

A

Adipocytes

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82
Q

play important roles in inflammation

A

Mast cells

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83
Q

continuously move from blood vessels into connective tissues.

A

White blood cells, or leukocytes

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84
Q

are large, phagocytic cells found in some connective tissue types. They are derived from monocytes, a type of
white blood cell.

A

Macrophages

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85
Q

fragments of hemopoietic cells containing enzymes and special proteins that function in the clotting process to reduce bleeding from a wound.

A

Platelets

86
Q

a type of adult stem cell that persist in connective tissue. They have the potential to form multiple cell types, such as fibroblasts or smooth muscle
cells, in response to injury

A

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

87
Q

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has three major components:

A

(1) protein fibers, (2) ground substance, and (3) fluid

88
Q

Three types of protein fibers

A

collagen
reticular
elastic

89
Q

consist the protein of collagen.

A

collagen fibers

90
Q

e most abundant protein in the body

A

collagen

91
Q

synthesized within fibroblasts and secreted into
the extracellular space

A

collagen

92
Q

there are how many types of collagen fibers?

A

20

93
Q

very fine collagen fibers, not a chemically distinct category of fibers, and very
short, thin fibers that branch to form a network.

A

Reticular fibers

94
Q

consist of the protein elastin

A

Elastic fibers

95
Q

has the ability to return to its original
shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality.

A

Elastic fibers

96
Q

secrete elastin polypeptide chains, which are
linked together to form a network.

A

Fibroblasts

97
Q

provide the elasticity of skin, lungs, and
arteries.

A

Elastic fibers

98
Q

consists of nonfibrous molecules

A

ground substance

99
Q

“shapeless” background against which the collagen fibers are seen through the microscope

A

ground substance

100
Q

The two major components of ground substance:

A

hyaluronic acid
proteoglycans.

101
Q

a long, unbranched polysaccharide chain composed of repeating disaccharide units. I

A

hyaluronic acid

102
Q

a large molecule that consists of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans

A

proteoglycan monomer

102
Q

a large molecule that consists of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides called glycosaminoglycans

A

proteoglycan monomer

103
Q

Embryonic Connective Tissue (2)

A

Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue

104
Q

Adult Connective Tissue (2)

A

Loose connective tissue
Dense connective tissue

105
Q

Loose connective tissue (3)

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

106
Q

Dense connective tissue (4)

A

Dense, regular collagenous
Dense, regular elastic
Dense, irregular collagenous
Dense, irregular elastic

107
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue (2)

A

Cartilage (Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic)
Bone (Spongy, Compact)

108
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue (2)

A

Blood (Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets)
Hemopoietic tissue (Red marrow, yellow marrow)

109
Q

Two major categories of connective tissue

A

embryonic
adult

110
Q

composed of fibroblasts surrounded by semifluid extracellular matrix containing delicate reticular fibers

A

mesenchyme

111
Q

The major source of remaining embryonic connective tissue in the newborn is in the umbilical cord, where it is called

A

mucous connective tissue

112
Q

consists of relatively few
protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

A

Loose Connective Tissue

113
Q

the “loose packing” material of
most organs and other tissues; it attaches the skin to underlying tissues

A

Areolar tissue

114
Q

appears white at birth, but it turns yellow with age because of the accumulation of pigments

A

Yellow
adipose

115
Q

a plant pigment that humans can metabolize as a source of vitamin A.

A

carotene

116
Q

found in specific areas of the body, such
as the axillae (armpits), the neck, and near the kidneys.

A

brown adipose tissue

117
Q

forms the framework of lymphatic tissue

A

Reticular tissue

118
Q

has a relatively large number of protein
fibers, which form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space.

A

Dense Connective Tissue

119
Q

has protein fibers in the
extracellular matrix that are oriented predominantly in one direction

A

Dense regular

120
Q

has abundant collagen fibers, which give this tissue a white appearance.

A

Dense regular collagenous

121
Q

consists of
parallel bundles of collagen fibers and abundant elastic fibers

A

Dense regular elastic

122
Q

lies along the posterior of the neck, helping hold
the head upright.

A

nuchal ligament

123
Q

contains protein fibers
arranged as a meshwork of randomly oriented fibers.

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

124
Q

forms most of the dermis as well as the connective tissue capsules that surround organs such as the kidney and spleen

A

Dense irregular collagenous

125
Q

is found in the walls of elastic arteries. In addition to collagen fibers, oriented in many directions, the layers of this tissue contain abundant elastic fiber

A

Dense irregular elastic

126
Q

composed of cartilage cells within an
extensive and relatively rigid matrix

A

Cartilage

127
Q

The surface of nearly all
cartilage is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue called

A

perichondrium

128
Q

spaces which chondorocytes are located

A

lacunae

129
Q

has large amounts of both collagen fibers and proteoglycans

A

Hyaline cartilage

130
Q

found where strong support and some flexibility are needed, such as in the rib cage
and within the trachea and bronchi

A

Hyaline cartilage

131
Q

has more collagen fibers than proteoglycans

A

Fibrocartilage

132
Q

slightly compressible
and very tough. It is found in areas of the body where a great deal of pressure is applied to joints, such as in the knee, in the jaw, and between the vertebrae.

A

Fibrocartilage

133
Q

has numerous elastic fibers in addition to
collagen and proteoglycans dispersed throughout its matrix. It is found in areas that have rigid but elastic
properties, such as the external ears

A

Elastic cartilage

134
Q

a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and
mineralized matrix

A

bone

135
Q

has organic and inorganic portions.

A

Bone matrix

136
Q

The organic portion consists of?

A

protein fibers, primarily collagen,
and other organic molecules

137
Q

The mineral, or inorganic, portion
consists of specialized crystals called

A

hydroxyapatite (which contains calcium and phosphate)

138
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

Fibrocartilage

139
Q

Growing long bones

A

Hyaline Cartilage

140
Q

External ears

A

Elastic Cartilage

141
Q

bone cells

A

Osteocytes

142
Q

has spaces between trabeculae or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge

A

Spongy bone

143
Q

more solid, with almost no space between
many thin layers, or lamellae

A

Compact bone

144
Q

(T/F) bone can repair itself much more readily than can cartilage

A

True (Bone, unlike cartilage, has a rich blood supply)

145
Q

unusual among the connective tissues because the matrix between the cells is liquid

A

blood

146
Q

move freely within a fluid matrix

A

blood cells (Blood’s liquid matrix allows it to flow rapidly through the body)

147
Q

Acts as scaffolding to provide
strength and support without the greater
weight of compact bone

A

Spongy Bone

148
Q

forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps
them from being easily broken or punctured

A

Compact Bone

149
Q

ends of long bones

A

spongy bone

150
Q

shafts of long bones

A

compact bone

151
Q

forms blood cells

A

Hemopoietic tissue

152
Q

In adults, hemopoietic tissue is found in

A

bone marrow

153
Q

the soft connective tissue in the cavities
of bones

A

bone marrow

154
Q

hemopoietic tissue surrounded by a framework of reticular fibers

A

red marrow

155
Q

produces red and white blood cells and
platelets

A

Hemopoietic tissue

156
Q

marrow of most bones

A

red marrow

157
Q

consists of yellow adipose tissue and does not produce blood cells.

A

Yellow marrow

158
Q

children

A

red marrow

159
Q

adult

A

Yellow marrow

160
Q

contracts, or shortens, with a force and therefore is responsible for movement

A

muscle tissue

161
Q

meat of animals and constitutes about 40%
of a person’s body weight

A

Skeletal muscle

162
Q

under voluntary (conscious) control

A

Skeletal
muscle

163
Q

are striated or banded, because of the arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells

A

Skeletal
muscle

164
Q

under involuntary (unconscious) control

A

Cardiac muscle

165
Q

muscle of the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

166
Q

forms the walls of hollow organs

A

Smooth muscle

167
Q

responsible for a number of functions, such as moving
food through the digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder

A

Smooth muscle

168
Q

controlled involuntarily.

A

Smooth muscle

169
Q

found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and
is characterized by the ability to conduct electrical signals
called action potentials.

A

Nervous tissue

170
Q

consists of neurons,
which are responsible for its conductive ability, and support cells called glia

A

Nervous tissue

171
Q

nerve cells

A

neurons (conducting cells of nervous
tissue)

172
Q

three major parts of neuron

A

cell body
dendrites
axon

173
Q

contains the nucleus
and is the site of general cell functions.

A

cell body

174
Q

consist of projections of cytoplasm surrounded by membrane.

A

dendrites and axons

175
Q

usually receive action potentials

A

dendrites (much shorter than axons and have multiple branches at their ends)

176
Q

usually conducts action potentials away from
the cell body

A

axon

177
Q

have multiple dendrites and a single axon

A

Multipolar
neurons

178
Q

have a single dendrite and an axon.

A

Bipolar neurons

179
Q

have only a single, short process that extends
from the cell body and then divides into two branches, which extend to the periphery and to the central nervous system

A

Pseudo unipolar neurons

180
Q

are the support cells of the brain spinal
cord, and peripheral nerves

A

glia

181
Q

nourish, protect, and
insulate neurons

A

glia

182
Q

a thin sheet of tissue that covers a structure
or lines a cavity.

A

tissue membrane

183
Q

(T/F) There are four tissue membranes in the body, one external and three internal.

A

True

184
Q

external membrane

A

skin (cutaneous
membrane)

185
Q

The three major categories of internal
membranes:

A

mucous
serous
synovial membranes

186
Q

lines cavities and canals that
open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive passages

A

Mucous Membranes

187
Q

Mucous membranes consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, and a
thick layer of loose connective tissue called

A

lamina propria

188
Q

a viscous protein substance

A

mucus

189
Q

lines cavities that do not open to the
exterior of the body such as the pericardial, pleural, and
peritoneal cavities.

A

Serous Membranes

190
Q

three components of serous membrane:

A

mesothelium (a layer of simple squamous epithelium)
basement membrane
delicate layer of loose connective tissue.

191
Q

Serous membranes do not contain glands, but they
secrete a small amount of fluid called

A

serous fluid

192
Q

lubricates the serous membranes, making their surfaces slippery.

A

serous fluid

193
Q

line freely movable joints

A

Synovial Membranes

194
Q

produce synovial fluid

A

Synovial Membranes

195
Q

rich in hyaluronic acid, making the joint fluid very slippery, thus facilitating smooth
movement within the joint.

A

synovial fluid

196
Q

the response that occurs when
tissues are damaged.

A

inflammation

197
Q

mobilizes the body’s
defenses, isolates and destroys microorganisms and other injurious agents, and removes foreign materials and damaged cells, so
that tissue repair can proceed

A

inflammatory response

198
Q

Inflammation has five major manifestations:

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain
disturbed function

199
Q

released or activated in the tissues and the
adjacent blood vessels after a person is injured

A

chemical mediators

200
Q

increases the pressure in the tissue, which can also stimulate neurons and cause pain

A

edema

201
Q

substitution of viable cells for dead cells by
regeneration or replacement.

A

Tissue repair

202
Q

the new cells are the same type as those that were destroyed, and normal function is usually restored.

A

regeneration

203
Q

a new type of tissue develops which eventually produces a scar and causes
the loss of some tissue function.

A

replacement

204
Q

Cells are classified into three groups according to their
ability to regenerate:

A

labile
stable
permanent

205
Q

continue to divide throughout life.\

A

labile

206
Q

include
adult stem cells and other cells of the skin, mucous membranes, and hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues. Damage to these cells can be repaired completely by regeneration

A

labile cells

207
Q

such as those of connective tissues and glands, including the liver, pancreas, and endocrine glands, do not normally divide after growth ceases, but they retain the ability to divide and are capable of regeneration in response to injury.

A

stable

208
Q

have a very limited ability to replicate and, if killed, are usually replaced by a different type of cell. S

A

permanent cells

209
Q

If the edges of the wound are close
together, as in a surgical incision, the wound heals by a process called

A

primary union

210
Q

If the edges are not close together, or if tissue loss has been extensive, the process is called

A

secondary union

211
Q

binds the edges of the wound together

A

fibrin

212
Q

seals the wound
and helps prevent infection

A

scab

213
Q

a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts,
collagen, and capillaries, replaces the clot.

A

Granulation tissue

214
Q

consists of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue

A

scar

ANAPHY LECTURE (10 decks)

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