monomers, polymers and monosaccahrides Flashcards

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1
Q

definition of monomer

A

the smaller units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

definition of a polymer

A

molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

three examples of monomers

A

monosaccharides

amino acids

nucleotides

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4
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

a reaction that joins two molecules together

with the formation of a chemical bond

and involves the elimination of a molecule of water

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5
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

a reaction that separates molecules

by breaking a chemical bond

and involves the use of a water molecule

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6
Q

give the definition of a monosaccharide

A

the monomers from which larger carbohydrates are made

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7
Q

name three common monosaccharides

A

glucose

galactose

fructose

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8
Q

name the isomers of glucose

A

alpha-glucose and beta-glucose

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9
Q

describe how disaccharides are formed

A

by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides

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10
Q

write the word equation for the formation of each disaccharide

A

glucose + glucose = maltose + water

glucose + fructose = sucrose + water

glucose + galactose = lactose + water

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11
Q

describe the test for reducing sugars

A

add benedict’s reagent

heat

a positive result is a colour change from blue to green/yellow/orange/red

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12
Q

suggest why the colour change occurs at the top of the test tube first

A

heat rises (convection currents)

the reaction occurs at the top of the test tube first

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13
Q

describe the test for non-reducing sugars

A

following a negative reducing sugars test

boil the sample in acid (acid hydrolysis) - then add alkaline solution to neutralise

add benedict’s reagent and head

a positive result will go from blue to orange / red

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14
Q

describe the test for starch

A

add iodine to the sample

a positive result will go from orange to blue / black

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15
Q

describe the test for lipids

A

add ethanol and shake to dissolve

then add distilled water

a positive result is a white emulsion

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16
Q

describe the test for proteins

A

add biuret reagent to the sample

a positive result will go from blue to purple

17
Q

starch - monomers

A

alpha glucose

18
Q

starch - which reaction and bonds join the monomers together

A

condensation

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

19
Q

starch - state the function of the molecule

A

glucose store (energy source)

20
Q

starch - state where the molecule is found

A

starch grains in plant cells

21
Q

describe the structure of starch

A

starch is made up of amylose and amylopectin

amylose monomers are joined by 1,4 glycosidic bonds resulting in a spiral-shaped polymer

amylopectin monomers are joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

the 1,6 glycosidic bonds result in branches

22
Q

explain how the structure of starch related to function

A

starch is insoluble due to the fact is it a large molecule

it will not change the water potential of a cell and cause osmosis to occur

the spiral shape means that it can be readily compacted to store a lot

the branching strands provide a large surface area for enzymes to attach to increase hydrolysis

23
Q

name the monomers of glycogen

A

alpha glucose

24
Q

which reaction and bonds join the monomers of glycogen together

A

consensation

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

25
Q

state the function of glycogen

A

glucose store - energy source

26
Q

describe the structure of glycogen

A

the key difference between the structure of glycogen and starch is that glycogen contains more 1,6 glycosidic bonds and is therefore more branched