IMMS HISTOLOGY Flashcards
Describe what the image shows. What is the staining used?
(IMMS) ALCIAN BLUE
* GAG-Rich
* Mucous
* Mast cells
* Cartilage
BLUE
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(IMMS) EOSIN
* Colloidal proteins
* Plasma
PINK
EOSINOPHILIC = ACIDOPHILIC
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(IMMS) IRON HAEMATOXYLIN
* Nuclei
* Elastic fibres
BLACK
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(IMMS) PERIODIC ACID SCHIFF (PAS)
* Hexose sugars (complex carb)
* Goblet cell mucins
* Cartilage matrix
* Glycogen
* Basement membranes
* Brush border
MAGENTA (DARK PINK)
Describe what the image shows. What is the staining used?
(IMMS) ROMANOVSKY/LEISHMAN’S (BLOOD FILMS)
* Chromatin/nuclei and neutrophil granules (PURPLE)
* Erythrocytes/eosin granules (RED/PINK)
* Lymphocyte/monocyte plasma (PALE BLUE)
* Basophil granules (DARK BLUE/PURPLE)
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(IMMS) TOLUIDINE BLUE
* Nuclei / Ribosomes (DARK BLUE)
* Cytoplasm (PALE BLUE)
* Cartilage / matrix / mast cell / GAG rich (BRIGHT PURPLE)
Describe what the image shows. What is the staining used?
(IMMS) VAN GIESON’S TRICHROME WITH
HAEMATOXYLIN COUNTER STAIN
* Collagen (PINK RED)
* Cell cyt (YELLOW/OLIVE GREEN)
* Nuclei (BLACK)
* Elastic tissue (DARK BROWN)
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(IMMS) HAEMATOXYLIN
* Nuclei
* RNA
BLUE
BASOPHILIC STRUCTURES = BLUE
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(IMMS) SILVER STAIN - NEURONS
* Neurons are large
* 25-60 microns
* Because of slide thickness cannot see all processes
* 1-5 dendritic processes
* metabolically active
* fully differentiated
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(IMMS) LYMPHOCYTE SIZE
* Small = 5 microns
* little cytoplasm as dormant and not fully differentiated
* metabolically inactive
* minimal rER
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) EPITHELIA
* barriers
* single layer = SIMPLE
* SIMPLE = absorption / secretion
* multi layer = STRATIFIED
* STRATIFIED = protection
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(IMMS) SIMPLE COLUMNAR
* Height > Width
* Oval nucleus
* Longer axis perp to base of cell
* Often microvilli or cilia at apical mem
* GUT ENTEROCYTES and RESPIRATORY TRACT
LEFT - gallbladder
concentrates bile by reabs (no microvilli or cilia)
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM
* Enterocytes w/ goblet cells
* Epithelia sit on BM - permeability barrier between epithelium
and connective tissue
* Microvilli at apical surface = BRUSH BORDER
* Brush border - inc s.a. / attachment of exo-enzymes
* Small int = simple columnar (large int = > goblet cells)
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(IMMS) MICROVILLI / INTESTINAL WITH PAS AND
HAEMATOXYLIN
* Microvilli with carbohydrate rich GLCOCALYX
* Goblet cells and basement membrane rich in HEXOSE
* Stain magenta
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(IMMS) CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
* Nose / larynx / bronchial tree / fallopian tube
* SIMPLE COLUMNAR EP w/ goblet cells and cilia
* Cilia = 2 microns
LEFT - nose
Stained with H&E and ALCIAN BLUE
CILIA MOVEMENT BY TUBULIN AND DYNEIN
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(IMMS) CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
* Square
* round nucleus
* @ ducts of exocrine glands - sweat glands, salivary, pancreas
* kidney tissue
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(IMMS) SQUAMOUS
* Outer surface of most thoracic and abdominal organs
* Simple squamous epithelium (SEROSA)
* Also lines pleural and peritoneal cavities
* Air sacs of lungs (alveoli)
* FLATTENED
* CYLINDRICAL/ELLIPTICAL NUCLEI @ base of cell
LEFT - serosa @ outer wall intestine
8 microns (unusually thick)
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) AIR / BLOOD BARRIER
* Septa = capillaries covered by simple squam ep
* typical = 1 micron
* overall thickness = 5-10 microns
* with 2 x capillary endothelial ells, 2 x T1 pneumocytes and
capillary lumen
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(IMMS) STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
* mouth, throat, oesophagus, anus, vagina
* cells replaced from below
* stem cells (mitosis capable) at basal layer
* sloughed off from top
LEFT - moist non-keratinised stratified squamous
epithelium at mouth
moist from glandular secretion
n.b. only apical cells are squamous - in this slide bas
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(IMMS) KERATINISED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
* Epidermis
* Lower layers epidermis similar to strat squam
* upper layers synthesise unique collection of proteins - interact
with cytoskeleton of cell to produce keratin
* keratin - dense protein, fills cytoplasm of cells = tough and
waterproof
* when full of keratin cells die and are sloughed off
LEFT - hairless skin @ lower lip
Blue / purple = living
Pink = dead keratinised squames
@ boundary = layer with blue keratohyaline granules
STRATUM GRANULOSUM - intermediate with blue grans
STEM CELLS @ basal layers
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(IMMS) PSEUDOSTRATIFIED
* Multilayered but when stretched flattens
* TRACHEA AND BRONCHI
* @urinary tract = specialised UROTHELIUM
Distinguish from stratified
All cells in contact with BM
Cells replaced by lateral migration not vertical
LEFT - trachea
Describe what the image shows.
(iMMS) CELL JUNCTIONS
* Bound tightly together to prevent macromolecule or fluid
movement
* DESMOSOMES
* TIGHT (ADHERENT) JUNCS
* GAP JUNCS
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(IMMS) GLANDS
* Epithelial origin - develop as ingrowths
* Exocrine glands to surface by ducts
* Fluids, lubricants, enzymes
MUCUS - separate acini from serous, occasionally mixed.
PALE - flattened nucleus at base of cell
SEROUS
DARK - round nuclei
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) CONNECTIVE TISSUE - INTRO
* Extracellular fibre scaffold - COLLAGEN / ELASTIN
* Jelly like matrix - hydrophilic polysaccharide polymer GAG -
glycosaminoglycans
* GAG - synth @ ep cells, muscle, cart, bone
* COLLAGEN / ELASTIN synth by fibroblast
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(IMMS) CONNECTIVE TISSUE - TERMINOLOGY
SOFT -flexible / gel-like
* Fibrous - collagen / elastic / reticulin (with silver = black
lines)
LOOSE IRREGULAR - few visible fibres / random orientate
DENSE IRREGULAR - large no fibres / little matrix
DENSE REGULAR - large no fibres - long parallel bundles
* Fatty - mainly fat cells with intervening capillaries
HARD - bond
n.b. nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics essential in
connective tissue
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* Dermis of scalp
* Long fibres of collagen in many directions
* Fibres stain pink
* Fibres with dark nuclei (fibroblasts) alongside
* Collagen fibres not uniform thickness
* INSET - fibroblast
* COLLAGEN FIBRES = EXTRACELLULAR
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
* Ligament
* Thick ribbons of parallel collagen
* Fibroblasts at layer between
* compact and regular
COLLAGEN NEITHER ELASTIC NOR CONTRACTILE
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) COLLAGEN (TROPOCOLLAGEN = 300nm)
* 12 types (can tell thickness/ length)
* NEITHER ELASTIC NOR CONTRACTILE
TYPE
1) SKIN / BONE / TEETH / ORGAN CAPSULES
2) CARTILAGE
3) LIVER / KIDNEY / SPLEEN / ARTERIES / UTERUS (reticulin)
4) BASEMENT MEMBRANES (sheet like)
5) PLACENTA
1-3 = fibrillar, 2-3 = small fine banded fibres
STRUCTURE - overlapping linear strands TROPO-COLLAGEN
TC secreted from fibroblasts - arranged to fibrils extracellularly
Overlapping gives rise to characteristic banding
TC = 3 linear polypeptide chains @ alpha helix (2 sim/1 dissim)
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(IMMS) LOOSE AND DENSE
* Dense irregular at penis erectile compartment (inner) forms a
capsule/sheath
* This is common between cells of most organs and tissues
* Outside = loose
@penis - an inextensible capsule around erectile compartment
means extra blood makes turgid
Describe what the image shows. What staining was used?
(IMMS) RETICULIN *COLLAGEN T3 (SILVER STAIN)
* Shape and integrity of many organs by extracellular fibres
* coarser elements = T1
* fine framework = T3 / reticulin
TISSUE OF RETICULO - ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM i.e.
lymph nodes, spleen, liver
RETICULIN FORMS BRANCHED FIBRES
- most collagen forms linear fibres
Describe what the image shows. What staining was used?
(IMMS) ELASTIC FIBRES
* Microfibres of fibrillin set in amorphous matrix of elastin
* Fine fibres or sheets
* PINK WITH H&E - tough to distinguish collagen
* DARKER STAINING
LEFT - large elastic artery
Concentric sheets of elastic tissue (in vessels near heart)
Stain pink with eosin
Difficult distinguish collagen (GLISTENS)
Perforated elastic sheets with snake -like character
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(IMMS) ELASTIC FIBRES 2
* With elastic Van Gieson’s trichrome
* DARK BROWN
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(IMMS) FATTY CONNECTIVE - ADIPOSE
* White and brown
* White fat more abundant
* Large cells with single fat droplet (60 microns)
* Protect vital organs and energy store (INSULATION AND
PACKING)
* Usually deposited alongside capillaries therefore many
vessels
* Brown fat abundant in new born
* Limited in later life (chest and shoulder blade)
* Multi-locular - many droplets per cell
* Generation of heat via oxidation of fas
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) NERVES
* Supporting cells OLIGODENDROCYTES (CNS), SCHWANN
CELLS (PNS) produce myelin (insulate/conductive)
* Cell bodies mainly at CNS or sensory at DRG
* Myelin lost in tissue processing
LEFT - axons in transverse section
* Each axon surrounded by Schwann cell cyt
* With dark staining lamina = myelinated
* A - Schwann cell nucleus
* B - axon w/ myelin sheath
* C - unmyelinated axon
* D - myelin sheath
Schwann cells may contain many unmyelinated axons
Myelin linkage: adhesion proteins - unique and lipoproteins -
(proteolipid, myelin basic, PO and peripheral myelin prots)
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) SCHWANN CELLS AND AXONS SUPPORTED
* Each axon with continuous Schwann cell chain (200 microns
long)
* MYELINATED - 1:1 relationship with Schwann
* UNMYELINATED - several:1
MYELINATED AXONS - generally larger (greater diam) with
increased velocity of conduction
MYELIN
membranous, bilipid (phospholipid layer), proteins inserted
between layers
Predominany phospholipid = SPHINGOMYELIN
MESAXON - where 2 limbs of Schwann/Oligo around axon fuse
= focal point where myelin inserted into myelin sheath
Describe what the image shows.
(IMMS) PERIPHERAL NERVES
* Mix motor/sensory axons
* Surrounded by Schwann cells
* Between axons = connective tissue network (fibres and cells)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE NETWORK
* Endoneurium
* Perineurium
* Exoneurium
5 NERVE FIBRES - with many axons - surrounded by
endoneurium and perineurium
Flattened nuclei = fibroblasts
Rounded nuclei = Scwann
Describe what the image shows. What is the staining used?
(IMMS) ISOLATED PERIPHERAL NERVES (OSMIUM
TETROXIDE STAIN) - TRANSVERSE
* Lipid of myelin sheath extracted in processing
* If treat nerve with osmium tetroxide renders myelin insoluble
* Myelin = brown/black
LEFT - osmium tetroxide and H&E
Various diameters
Many axons = nerve fibre (with perineurium)
Many nerve fibres = nerve (peripheral) with epineurium
Describe what the image shows. What is the staining used?
(IMMS) ISOLATED PERIPHERAL NERVES (OSMIUM
TETROXIDE STAIN) - LONGITUDINAL
* Worm - like
* Constrictions = NODES OF RANVIER - boundary between
one schwann cell and next
MYELINATED 10 - 100 m/s
UNMYELINATED 1 - 20 m/s
Myelinated faster than unmyelinated with 100 x diam
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(IMMS) SYNAPSE
* Large number of neuro-secretory vesicles @ presynaptic
space
* Dark staining either side of synapse
Describe what the image shows. What is the staining used?
(IMMS) NERVE CELL BODIES (SILVER)
* Either @ CNS or in discrete ganglia cose to spinal cord
* Exception is PSNS with clusters close to organ innervated
* Silver stain has affinity for cytoskeleton of cells
* Neurons have developed cytoskeleton therefore stain heavily
GOLDEN BROWN *nucleus pale but nucleolus black
Cytoskeleton - microtubules (tubulin and dynein) = axonal
transport i.e. vesicles from golgi to end and back/
neurofilaments (intermediate architecture) = axonal diameter
No. processes
Unipolar - sensory
Bipolar - interneurons
Multipolar - motor neurons
Describe what the image shows. What is the staining used?
(IMMS) NERVE CELL BODIES (H&E)
* Sensory cell bodies at DRG
* Large
* One axon
* One major dendrite
* Appear more rounded than motor neurons
LEFT - DRG with large cell bodies
DARK STAINING PATCHES IN PERIKARYON (cyt around
nucleus) = NISSL SUBSTANCE (alt name for rER)
Nissl substance synthesis of proteins for export from cell or
inclusion in membrane
