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Eukaryotic Pathogens > Immune Defense > Flashcards

Immune Defense Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 physical barriers and entry portals?

A
  • skin
  • respiratory tract
  • GI tract
  • urogenital tract
  • blood & lymphatic systems
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2
Q

How is the skin protected?

A
  • ketatinized surface
  • tight epithelial junctions
  • low pH (lactic and fatty acids)
  • endogenous flora
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3
Q

How is the respiratory tract protected?

A
  • branching airways
  • mucus
  • mucocilliary movement
  • coughing
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4
Q

How is the GI tract protected?

A
  • low pH
  • cilia
  • endogenous flora
  • diarrhea & vomiting
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5
Q

How is the urogenital tract protected?

A
  • flow sheer forces
  • low pH (vagina)
  • endogenous flora)
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6
Q

How is the blood and lympthatic system protected?

A

clotting

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7
Q

What are the 3 innate soluble factors?

A
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • complement
  • surfactant proteins
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8
Q

What are the 2 adaptive soluble factors?

A
  • antibodies
  • cytokines
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9
Q

What are the 2 innate cellular factors?

A
  • phagocytic cells
  • NK cells
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10
Q

What are the 3 adaptive cellular factors?

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • memory (immunity)
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11
Q

What makes AMPs?

A

epithelial cells and leukocytes

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12
Q

What do AMPs do?

A
  • defensins
  • use their amphipathicity to create pores in the cell membrane
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13
Q

How do AMPs not attack self?

A
  • We have sterols in our cell membrane which are nonpolar
  • weak van der waal’s forces
  • bacteria don’t and thus have more - charges for the + charged AMPs to bind to
  • strong ionic bonding
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14
Q

What does C3 do?

A

Tells complement system where to form MAC

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15
Q

What does C3a do?

A

chemoattractant for immune cells

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16
Q

How does C3b amplification work?

A

C3b binds to Factor B to make C3 convertase which creates more C3b

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17
Q

How does C3b amplification stop?

A
  • once the microbe is gone there is no surface for C3 to attach to and to be cleaved into C3b
  • no C3b created to bind to Factor B and create C3 convertase
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18
Q

How does the classical pathway relate to C3 convertase?

A

Multiple antibody bindings lead to the creation of C3 convertase

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19
Q

What binds the constant region of an antibody?

A

Ig receptors (FcgammaR)

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20
Q

What’s great about IgG?

A
  • it’s a great opsonin which activates the complement system and promotes phagocytosis
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21
Q

What’s great about IgA?

A

good at neutralizing antigens (pathogenic toxins and adhesins)

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22
Q

What’s great about IgM?

A

Great complement activator

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23
Q

What happens when antibodies and complement are both activated?

A
  • double receptor activation = more chance of phagocytosis
  • MAC simultaneously lyses pathogen
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24
Q

How does the Lectin pathway work?

A

Lectin binds sugar PAMPs to create C3 convertase

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25
Q

How does the Alternative Activation Pathway work?

A
  • C3 tickover (spontaneous cleavage) binds Factor B to form C3 convertase
26
Q

How does the Alternative Activation Pathway not hurt us?

A
  • negative factors cleave C3b into iC3b to prevent complement activation
  • Ex - Factor H (sialic acid) is mostly unique to mammalian cells
27
Q

How are the alveoli protected?

A
  • surfactant fluid helps prevent alveolar sticking and contains surfactant proteins
  • macrophages wander around in the surfactant fluid
28
Q

What produces surfactant proteins?

A

airway epithelial cells (Clara cells) and alveolar type II cells

29
Q

What are the components of surfactant proteins?

A
  • N-terminal non-collagenous domain
  • collagenous region
  • alpha helical coiled coil
  • Carb recoginition domain (CRD) head - lectin domain
30
Q

Head or tail model

A
  • if the surfactant protein (SP) head binds to SIRPalpha = all clear
  • if multiple SP tails bind = head bound to pathogen = CD91/calreticulin activation = phagocyte activation and phagocytosis
31
Q

What 3 things do surfactant proteins do?

A
  • Head or tail model
  • clump pathogens to be coughed up
  • directly kill pathogen
32
Q

What are the 3 antigen presenting cells

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
33
Q

How does phagocytosis kill a pathogen?

A
  • acidification of phago(lyso)some
  • lysosomal enzymes
  • ROS vis phox complex and NADPH-oxidase
  • RNS
34
Q

What do neutrophil’s granules do?

A
  • kill microbe - ex- myeloperoxidase makes bleach (HOCl)
  • inhibit microbe growth - ex - lactoferrin sequesters iron
35
Q

MR recognises what?

A

mannose

36
Q

TLR4 recognizes what?

A

mannan

37
Q

TLR2 recognizes what?

A

phosphomannan

38
Q

What do TLR2 and TLR4 require?

A

MyD88 as a signal protein

39
Q

Dectin-1 recognizes what?

A

beta-glucan

40
Q

SR and CR recognize what?

A

glucans possibly

41
Q

IL-10

A

supresses T cell proinflammatory cytokine production

42
Q

IL-23

A

promotes Th0 to Th17

43
Q

IL-12

A

promotes Th0 to Th1

44
Q

IFNgamma

A

produced by Th1 cells to activate macrophages

45
Q

TNFalpha

A

local inflammation

46
Q

What bridges innate and adaptive immunity?

A

antigen presentation

47
Q

What is required for antigen presentation?

A
  • APC finds naive T cell
  • MHC+antigen-TCR
  • B7-CD28 costimulatory
48
Q

Steps to activate a macrophage

A
  • APC migrates to lymph tissue
  • meets naive T cell
  • MHC+antigen-TCR
  • B7-CD28 co stimulatory
  • this leads to activated T cell
  • activated Th1 cell migrates out of lymph tissue and meets macrophage
  • MHC+antigen-TCR
  • CD40-CD40L
  • Th1 releases IFNgamma and TNFalpha
49
Q

How do you create a Th1?

A

Th0 + IL12 + IFNalpha

50
Q

How do you create Th2?

A

Th0 + IL4

51
Q

How do you create Th17?

A

Th0 + IL6 + TGFbeta + IL23

52
Q

What does macrophage activation do?

A
  • UP B7 and CD40 costimulatory molecules
  • UP ROS and NOS production
  • UP TNFalpha and IFNgamma receptor expression
  • UP phagolysosomal fusion
  • UP MHC display
53
Q

What do Th17 cells so?

A
  • mucosal immunity
  • secrete IL17 and IL22 which causes release of AMPs, chemokines, and PMN growth factors
54
Q

What do Th1 cells do?

A

cell mediated immunity by activating macrophages

55
Q

What do Th2 cells do?

A

Activate B cells which leads to antibody production

56
Q

How do B cells make antibodies?

A
  • naive B cell BCR-antigen
  • finds activated Th2
  • MHC+antigen-TCR
  • CD40-CD40L
  • activated Th2 cell produces IL4 and IL6 which create a mature B cell
  • B cell divides into plasma and memory cells
  • plasma cells produce antibodies
57
Q



A

Nonpathogenic microbe

58
Q
A

Opportunistic microbe

59
Q
A

Primary pathogen

60
Q
A

Chronic/latent infection

60
Q
A

Chronic/latent infection

Eukaryotic Pathogens (15 decks)

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