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Health Policy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the core functions of our Public Health System?

A

Equity, Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance

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2
Q

Assess and monitor population health belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Assessment

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3
Q

Investigate, diagnose, and address health hazards and root causes belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Assessment

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4
Q

Communicate effectively to inform and educate belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Policy Development

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5
Q

Strengthen, support, and mobilize communities and partnerships belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Policy Development

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6
Q

Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Policy Development

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7
Q

Utilize equal and regulatory actions belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Policy Development

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8
Q

Enable equitable access belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Assurance

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9
Q

Build a diverse and skilled workforce belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Assurance

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10
Q

Improve and innovate through evaluation, research, and quality improvement belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Assurance

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11
Q

Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health belongs to which of the core functions of PH?

A

Assurance

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12
Q

Who has primary responsibility of PH under the constitution, federal or state?

A

State

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13
Q

Does the Federal or State have the responsibility of: ensuring that all levels of government have the capabilities to provide essential PH services with limited authority to require?

A

Federal

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14
Q

Does the Federal or State have the responsibility of: acting when health threats may span more that one state, a region, or the entire nation?

A

Federal

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15
Q

Does the Federal or State have the responsibility of: acting where the solutions may be beyond the jurisdiction of individual states?

A

Federal

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16
Q

Does the Federal or State have the responsibility of: acting to assist states when they lack the expertise or resources to effectively respond in a public health emergency?

A

Federal

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17
Q

Does the Federal or State have the responsibility of: facilitating the formulation of public health goals?

A

Federal

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18
Q

What are the 5 sources of Federal Public Health Policy?

A

Office of the Secretary, Surgeon General, Public Health Service Agencies (PHSA), Non-PHS agencies, Executive Office of the President

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19
Q

What types of funding does the Federal Government provide in regards to PH?

A
  1. half of the state funding
  2. majority of preparedness/emergency funding
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20
Q

How many state health departments are there?

A

51 (including DC)

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21
Q

How many territorial health departments are there?

A

8

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22
Q

How many tribal health departments are there?

A

197

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23
Q

How many local health departments are there?

A

2533

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24
Q

What are the 4 Governance Classification Systems?

A
  1. local/decentralized
  2. mixed
  3. state/centralized
  4. shared
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25
Q

Which Governance Classification System is led by local governments, which make most most fiscal decisions?

A

local/decentralized

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26
Q

Which Governance Classification System is when some local health departments are led by the state government and some are led by local governments?

A

mixed (no one arrangement predominates in the state)

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27
Q

Which Governance Classification System is when all local health departments are units of state government, which makes most fiscal decisions?

A

state/centralized

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28
Q

Which Governance Classification System is when all local health departments are governed by both state and local authorities?

A

shared

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29
Q

What is the funding for PH like at the state and local government level?

A

uneven and unstable

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30
Q

What are the 10 Social Determinants of Health?

A

Social gradient
Social exclusion
Social support
Stress
Early life
Work
Unemployment
Addiction
Food
Transport

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31
Q

How much did the US spend on healthcare in 2017?

A

$3.5 trillion

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32
Q

How much did the US spend on healthcare per person on 2017?

A

$10,348

33
Q

What percent of GDP did the US spend on healthcare in 2017?

A

17.9%

34
Q

What are the 4 offices/councils of the Executive Office of the President?

A

Domestic Policy Council
National Security Council (Homeland Security Council)
Office of Management and Budget
National Prevention Council

35
Q

What does Public Health 3.0 involve?

A
  1. Engaging multiple sectors and community partners to generate collective impact
  2. Improve social determinants of health
36
Q

Is life expectancy above or below the OECD average?

A

below

37
Q

Is diabetes hospital admissions above or below the OECD average?

A

above

38
Q

Is asthma and COPD hospital admissions above or below the OECD average?

A

above

39
Q

Is obesity above or below the OECD average?

A

above

40
Q

Is breast cancer relative survival above or below the OECD average?

A

above

41
Q

Is ischemic stroke case fatalities above or below the OECD average?

A

below

42
Q

Is acute myocardial infarction case fatalities above or below the OECD average?

A

below

43
Q

Is alcohol consumption in adults above or below the OECD average?

A

below

44
Q

Is daily smoking in adults above or below the OECD average?

A

below

45
Q

Is colorectal cancer relative survival above or below the OECD average?

A

above

46
Q

How much does the US spend per person compared to the OECD average?

A

2x more

47
Q

What percentage of our GDP does the US spend compared to the OECD average?

A

2x more

48
Q

Does the US spend more or less on social care compared to the OECD average?

A

less

49
Q

Does more concentrated areas allow providers to charge a higher or lower price of services?

A

higher

50
Q

What is the “safety net” and the population that it serves?

A

the “safety net” are providers and hospitals that serve disproportionately high numbers of uninsured and publicly insured patients

51
Q

who are the uninsured?

A

poor
workers in low paying jobs
certain job sectors
young adults
less educated
minorities
men
people in the South and West

52
Q

What does EMTALA stand for?

A

Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act

53
Q

What provides the only true “right to healthcare” in the US?

A

EMTALA of 1986

54
Q

Does EMTALA require that care be provided for free or at a low cost?

A

no

55
Q

Does EMTALA require that medical treatment be provided beyond being stabilized?

A

no

56
Q

Does EMTALA require treatment of inpatients, even with emergency medical condition?

A

no

57
Q

What is lacking in the Institute of Medicine (IOM) framework for high quality care?

A

affordability

58
Q

Who are common safety net providers?

A

some public and private hospitals
community health centers and rural health clinics
local public health agencies
some private providers

59
Q

What does DSH stand for?

A

Disproportionate Share Hospitals

60
Q

Under EMTALA, any hospital with an ED that participates in Medicare must do what?

A
  • screen those who present to the ED to if they have an emergency medical condition
  • stabilize and/or appropriately transfer the person with an emergency medical condition
61
Q

What is federalism?

A

shared sovereignty among levels of government (usually federal and state)

62
Q

What are the key federal powers? (3)

A

tax, spend, regulate interstate commerce

63
Q

How is lead emitted?

A

Gasoline from cars and paint

64
Q

What are the human health effects of lead?

A

Neurotoxin

65
Q

What are the general corrective actions taken to mitigate lead?

A

Bean on lead in gasoline, lead in paint, and lead in pipes.

66
Q

How is NO2/Nox emitted?

A

Cars, utilities, and fuel combustion.

67
Q

What are the human health effects of NO2/Nox?

A

damage to the respiratory tract, respiratory infections, and asthma

68
Q

How is the ozone emitted?

A

Not emitted directly, but through Volatile organic compounds VOCs + Nox + sunlight

69
Q

What are the human health effects of ozone?

A

Airway reactivity (especially asthmatics) and prematurely ages the lungs

70
Q

What are the general corrective actions taken to mitigate ozone?

A

Controlling VOCs and Nox

71
Q

How are PM emitted?

A

Burning of materials
Digging
Natural and industrial matters - dust, dirt, soot, smoke

72
Q

What are the health effects of PM?

A

Heart attacks and heart disease
Asthma
Increased respiratory symptoms
Chronic bronchitis
Decreased lung function
Premature death from heart and lung disease

73
Q

How are SO2 emitted?

A

Coal burning

74
Q

What are the human health effects of SO2?

A

Irritation to lungs

75
Q

What are the general corrective actions taken to mitigate ozone?

A

Use of low sulfur coals and air scrubbers on coal plants

76
Q

What is the cause of the thinning Stratospheric Ozone?

A

Freon or Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) getting up into the stratosphere where the sun is strong enough to cleave off the Chlorine atoms creating Chlorine free radicals that then destroy the ozone layer - converting O3 to O2

77
Q

How many ozone molecules can a singe Cl atom destroy?

A

100,000

78
Q

What were freon or CFCs used in?

A

Foam manufacturing, aerosol, sprays, air conditioners,refrigerators

Health Policy (3 decks)

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