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Parasitology [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 2 UNIT 3 > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 2 UNIT 3 Flashcards

1
Q

INTESTINAL FLAGELLATES

A
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Dientamoeba fragilis
  • Chilomastix mesnili
  • Pentatrichomonas hominis
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2
Q

ATRIAL FLAGELLATES

A
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Trichomonas tenax
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3
Q

HEMOFLAGELLATES

A
  • Leishmania spp.
  • Trypanosoma spp.
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4
Q

Giardia lamblia Also known as

A

Giardia duodenalis, or Giardia intestinalis

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4
Q

manifests as a significant but not life-threatening gastrointestinal
disease

A

Giardia lamblia

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5
Q

resistant forms and are responsible for transmission of giardiasis

A

Giardia lamblia Cysts

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6
Q

infective stage

A

Giardia lamblia Cysts

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7
Q

hardy and
can survive several months in
cold water

A

Giardia lamblia mature cysts

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8
Q

occurs in the small
intestine.

A

Excystation Giardia lamblia

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9
Q

multiply by longitudinal binary fission, and remain in the duodenum and upper jejenum

A

Giardia lamblia Trophozoites

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10
Q

occurs when the trophozoite transits to the colon

A

Giardia lamblia Encystation

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11
Q

occurs when the host ingests food or water contaminated with the mature cysts

A

Infection with G. duodenalis

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12
Q

Depending on the strain involved, infection can occur with one ingesting as few as 10 cysts.

A

Giardia lamblia

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13
Q

Giardiasis in about half of the infected patients may be

A

Asymptomatic

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14
Q
  • occurs in 1 to 4 weeks (average of 9 days)
A

Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase

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15
Q
  • patients experience abdominal pain, described as cramping, associated with diarrhea.
A

Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase

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16
Q
  • There is also excessive flatus with an odor of “rotten eggs” due to hydrogen sulfide.
A

Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase

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17
Q
  • Other clinical features include abdominal bloating, nausea, and anorexia. Spontaneous recovery occurs within 6 weeks in mild to moderate cases.
A

Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Acute phase

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18
Q
  • In untreated cases, patients may experience diarrhea with varying intensities, for weeks or months. The acute phase is often followed by chronic phase.
A

Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Chronic phase

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19
Q
  • Characterized by steatorrhea
A

Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Chronic phase

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20
Q
  • In some cases, periods of diarrhea have been observed to alternate with normal or even constipated bowel periods. There may be weight loss, profound malaise, and low-grade fever.
A

Giardiasis
Symptomatic infection. Chronic phase

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21
Q

Giardia lamblia trophozoite does not invade the tissue, but remains adhered to intestinal epithelium by means of the sucking disc.

A

Cytoadherence

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22
Q

It is able to cause alterations in the villi such as villous flattening and crypt hypertrophy.

A

Cytoadherence

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23
Q

These alterations lead to decreased electrolyte, glucose, and fluid absorption, and cause deficiency enzymes such as disaccharidases.

A

Cytoadherence

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24
Q

This results in the entire surface of the parasite being covered with (?) which help the parasite in evasion of host immune system.

A

variant-specific surface proteins (VSSPs)

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25
Q

Giardia lamblia Transmission

A

Fecal-oral route.

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26
Q

Transmission depends on the swallowing of mature cysts in fecally-contaminated food or water or by direct contact related to poor personal hygiene or sexual practices.

A

Giardia lamblia

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27
Q

The risk factors that favor survival and transmission are the same as those affecting amoebiasis

A

Giardia lamblia

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28
Q

Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan. Endemicity is very high in areas with low sanitation, especially tropics and subtropics.

A

Giardia lamblia

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29
Q

Prevalence: Approximately 1.6 to 22% in the Philippines.

A

Giardia lamblia

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30
Q

Reservoir: Human, beavers, dogs, cats, and sheep serve as reservoirs

A

Giardia lamblia

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31
Q

was previously considered as an amoeba but has now been reclassified as an amoeboflagellate, based on electron microscopic study and antigenic similarity to Trichomonas

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

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32
Q

does not invade tissues, but its presence in the intestines produces irritation of the mucosa with secretion of excess mucus and hypermotility of the bowel

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

33
Q

In 25% of the disease, the most common symptoms are diarrhea and abdominal pain

A

dientamoebiasis

34
Q

Symptoms also can include loss of appetite, weight loss, nausea, and fatigue.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

35
Q

The infection does not spread from the intestine to other parts of the body.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

36
Q

transmissionoccurs when infective cysts are ingested

A

Chilomastix mesnili

37
Q

It normally lives in the cecal region of the large intestine, where the organisms feed on bacteria and debris.

A

Chilomastix mesnili

38
Q

The trophozoites live in the cecal area of the large intestine and feed on bacteria.

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

39
Q

cannot be transplanted into the urogenital tract or the mouth

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

40
Q

Transmission probably occurs by ingesting the trophozoite form.

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

41
Q

If ingested in a protective substance such as milk, these organisms can apparently survive passage through the stomach and small intestine in patients with achlorhydria.

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

42
Q

causes a sexually transmitted disease called trichomoniasis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

43
Q

It is now often described as the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

44
Q

The parasite is found in the urogenital tract.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

45
Q

In women, it is found in the vagina but may ascend as far as the renal pelvis.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

46
Q

The parasite can be isolated from the urethra, prostate, and less frequently, in the epididymis in men.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

47
Q

The trophozoites multiply by binary fission in the host and are transferred passively from person to person

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

48
Q

generally asymptomatic

A

Trichomoniasis in males

49
Q

Although, some may develop urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis.

A

Trichomoniasis in males

50
Q

There is no strong evidence that males infected with trichomoniasis are more likely to develop

A

prostate cancer

51
Q

Trichomoniasis in females, after an incubation period of 4 days to 4 weeks, the following symptoms of vaginitis or cervicitis are common:

A

greenish-yellow, frothy, foul-smelling vaginal discharge
vaginal or vulval pruritis
dysuria
dyspareunia

52
Q

Itching in the vaginal area

A

vaginal or vulval pruritis

53
Q

painful and burning sensation on urination

A

dysuria

54
Q

pain during sexual intercourse

A

dyspareunia

55
Q

Females infected with trichomoniasis have a higher risk of (?), especially when co-infected with HPV.

A

cervical cancer

56
Q

Speculum examination reveals small punctate
hemorrhagic spots on the vaginal and cervical
mucosa; this has been called

A

Strawberry appearance

57
Q

The trophozoites feed on the mucosal surface of the vagina, where bacteria and leukocytes are found.

A

strawberry appearance

58
Q

Normal vaginal pH

A

3.8 – 5.0

59
Q

Preferred pH of T. vaginalis

A

6.0-6.3

60
Q

Complications in women include

A

secondary bacterial infection of the urogenital tract

61
Q

are infrequent complications

A

Endometritis and pyosalpingitis

62
Q

Geographical distribution: Cosmopolitan.

A

T. vaginalis

63
Q

T. vaginalis
About (?) of women and (?) of men in developed countries are infected.

A

5 to 20%
2 to 12%

64
Q

Humans are the only natural host for

A

T. vaginalis

65
Q

is frequently seen concomitantly with other STDs, particularly gonorrhea

A

Trichomoniasis

66
Q

The majority of women with trichomoniasis also have

A

bacterial vaginosis

67
Q

Unlike other STDs, which have a higher prevalence among adolescents and young adults, the rates of trichomoniasis are more evenly distributed among (?), further strengthening its potential utility as a marker for risky sexual behavior

A

sexually active women of all age groups

68
Q

T. vaginalis Infection is acquired primarily through

A

sexual intercourse

69
Q

Higher prevalence is associated with greater frequency of sexual intercourse with multiple partners and with commercial sex workers.

A

Trichomoniasis

70
Q

Hence, there is the need to diagnose and treat

A

asymptomatic males

71
Q

Simultaneous treatment of both partners is recommended to prevent (?), i.e., a reinfection from the same sexual partner.

A

“ping-pong infection”

72
Q

T. vaginalis is known to be transferred by means of fomites such as toilet articles, towels, or underclothes

A

Indirect contact transmission

73
Q

However, this mode of transmission is thought to be very rare.

A

Indirect contact transmission

74
Q

T. vaginalis can survive for one to few hours in (?), and longer in a (?).

A

dry fomites
moist environment

75
Q

are considered as the most resistant among the protozoan trophozoites.

A

Trophozoites of T. vaginalis

76
Q

Trichomoniasis in pregnant women may cause premature rupture of the membranes that protect the baby, and early delivery.

A

Congenital transmission

77
Q

The trophozoites may also migrate through a mother’s birth canal and infect the unborn child.

A

Congenital transmission

78
Q

can only live in the mouth, in the periodontal pockets, carious tooth cavities and, less often, in tonsillar crypts

A

trophozoite of T. tenax

79
Q

The mode of transmission is by direct contact (by kissing or through salivary droplets) or by use of contaminated dishes and glasses.

A

Trichomonas tenax

80
Q

considered to be a nonpathogen

A

Trichomonas tenax

81
Q

Treatment, therefore, is not indicated.

A

Trichomonas tenax

Parasitology [LEC] (23 decks)

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