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NURS 2036 > Theory and Theory development > Flashcards

Theory and Theory development Flashcards

1
Q

A systematic explanation of an event in which constructs and concepts are identified and relationships are proposed and predications made

A system of interrelated propositions used to predict, explain, understand, and control a part of the empirical world

A

Theory

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2
Q

What distinguishes disciplines from other disciplines?

A

The unique theories and perspectives used by a specific discipline

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3
Q

Why are theories beneficial for disciplines?

A

Clarify basic assumptions and values
Define the nature and purpose of
practice

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4
Q

What are 2 differences between laws and theories?

A

Theories are invented in response to an event, laws are discovered
Laws cannot be changed, but a theory can

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5
Q

What are theories composed of? (3 things)

A

A purpose
Concepts and their definitions
Statements (propositions, laws, axioms, generalizations, hypotheses) *Can either be existential or relational

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6
Q

An occurrence or a circumstance that is observed, something that impresses the observer as extraordinary, or a thing that appears to and is constructed by the mind.

A

Phenomenon

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7
Q

Declaration that a relationship of some kind exists between two or more concepts.

A

Relational statements

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8
Q

What are the two types of relational statements?

A

Causal
Associational/correlational

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9
Q

T/F Correlation equals causation

A

False

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10
Q

Define Correlational statement

A

Reflects the strength and direction of a relationship between variables

The association between height and weight

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11
Q

Example of causal statement would be…

A

Smoking causes lung cancer

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12
Q

Declaration that a given concept or relationship exists. It makes an “it is” claim

A

Existential statements

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13
Q

Statements that explain the relationship between the concepts

A

Propositions

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14
Q

A proposition about the relationship between concepts in a theory that has been repeatedly validated. Found primarily in disciplines that deal with measurable phenomena (chem, physics). They are rarely found in social and human sciences.

A

Laws

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15
Q

Tentative suggestions that a specific relationship exists between 2 concepts or propositions. It can be repeatedly confirmed in order to create empirical generalizations and laws.

A

Hypotheses

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16
Q

Beliefs about phenomena that one must accept as true to accept a theory about the phenomena as true. May be based on accepted knowledge or personal beliefs and values.

A

Assumption/axiom

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17
Q

A broad statement that applies to many examples is called a….

A

Generalization

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18
Q

Theories vary according to what 3 things?

A

-number of elements,
- characteristics and complexity of the elements
- type of relationships among the elements

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19
Q

The initial work of nursing theorists aimed at clarifying what from the act of accomplishing the task?

A

the complex intellectual and interactional domains in expert nursing practice

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20
Q

The use of theory fosters what 3 things?

A
  • An ability to communicate professional convictions
  • Guides ethical action
  • Fosters critical thinking
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21
Q

What are the variables that are tested in research when they become operationalized?

A

Concepts

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22
Q

What are propositions? What do they deal with?

A

The statement about any connection between 2 or more concepts (which are tested to prove said relationship, and uses a hypothesis or testable statement)

Deals with concepts, and is not tested

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23
Q

T/F propositions are always right

A

False, they can be wrong because of the reliance of belief (bias of researcher) vs tested data

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24
Q

Laws are…

A

Statements that describe or predict a range of phenomena behave as they appear in nature

reflect causal relationships fundamental to reality

They are testable and generalizable and narrower than a scientific theory

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25
Q

What are the 3 purposes of nursing theories in creating nursing knowledge?

A

Provide structure and organization for nursing knowledge

Describe, explain, and predict phenomena of importance to nursing

Define and clarify nursing and distinguishes it from other caring professions

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26
Q

Name the 6 Stages of theory development

A

Silent Knowledge
Received Knowledge
Perceived Knowledge
Subjective Knowledge
Procedural Knowledge
Constructive Knowledge
Integrated Knowledge

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27
Q

Blind obedience to medical authority, Little attempt to develop theory. Research was limited to collection of epidemiologic data

A

Stage 1: Silent knowledge

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28
Q

History of nursing knowledge - Silent Knowledge stage

A

Early, early years:

West – Florence Nightingale (1860’s Crimean War)

East – Rufaida Bent Saad al-Aslamiya (Koaiba Bent Saad) – nursed the sick/wounded during the Prophet Mohammed’s Wars, said to have set up first Muslim school for nurses (570 AD)

Knights Templar – male nurses – Middle Ages / Crusades

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29
Q

Learning through listening to others

Theories were borrowed from other disciplines. As nurses acquired non-nursing doctoral degrees, they relied on the authority of educators and social scientists to provide answers to nursing problems. Research was primarily education or sociological research

A

Stage 2: Received knowledge

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30
Q

The received knowledge stage occured throughout which years in history?

A

1940-1960

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31
Q

The received knowledge stage focused on the _______ model

A

Apprenticeship

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32
Q

The received knowledge stage developped the _______ ____ of nurses: What do they do?

A

Functional role

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33
Q

What became the curriculum for nurses during the received knowledge stage?

A

“How to”

34
Q

What led to theory development in the received knowledge stage?

A

Teaching and education

35
Q

Authority was internalized to foster a new sense of self

A negative attitude toward borrowed theories and science emerged
Nurse scholars focused on defining nursing and developing theories about and for nursing

A

Stage 3: Perceived Knowledge

36
Q

Standardization began during which years of the perceived knowledge stage?

A

1920’s

37
Q

In the perceived knowledge stage, scholarship of ______ dominates the research agenda, but ______ is occurring

A

Teaching, evolution

38
Q

In the procedural knowledge stage, there was a recognition of what for nursing programs?

A

That research is needed to prove that education worked, they needed evaluation of programs

39
Q

In the procedural knowledge stage, what was established for nursing papers?

A

A criteria for review

40
Q

The criteria of review for nursing papers consisted of what 4 things?

A

Universality, community, objectivity, detached scrutiny

41
Q

Stage 4: Procedural Knowledge

A

Includes both separate and connected knowledge

Proliferation of approaches to theory development. Application of theory in practice was severely underemphasized. Emphasis was placed on the procedures used to acquire knowledge, with focused attention to the appropriateness of the methodology, the criteria for evolution, and statistical procedures for data analysis

42
Q

Throughout which years was the history of knowledge in the procedural stage?

A

1970 - 1985

43
Q

During the procedural stage, nursing theoriests used _______ ______ to guide theory

A

External paradigms

44
Q

In the procedural stage of the history of nursing knowledge, there was a separation between which 3 things?

A

Practice, research, theory

45
Q

In the procedural stage of the history of nursing knowledge, there was a search for what?

A

conceptual coherence

46
Q

T/F, In the procedural stage of the history of nursing knowledge other disciplines affected the development of nursing theories

A

True

47
Q

In the procedural stage of the history of nursing knowledge, theorists were still focused on ____ as opposed to ____

A

teaching, practice

48
Q

One theory to describe an entire discipline led to what kind of theories? Were these possible to use?

A

Highly abstract and/or reductionist theories

These were impossible to accept or use

49
Q

In which stage of nursing knowledge development was the metaparadigm of nursing defined?

A

Procedural stage

50
Q

Combination of different types of knowledge

Recognition that nursing theory should be based on prior empirical studies, theoretical literature, client reports of clinical experiences and feelings, and the nurse scholar’s intuition or related knowledge about the phenomenon of concern

A

Stage 5: Constructed Knowledge

51
Q

In the constructed knowledge phase, the nature of what 2 things were discovered?

A

The nature of nursing knowledge (Carper)
Nature of inquiry

52
Q

The constructive knowledge phase coincided with which 2 views?

A

Postmodern and philosophical

53
Q

“Let’s get rid of it all” Is a statement that best describes which stage of nursing knowledge development?

A

Constructive stage

54
Q

T/F the constructive phase is still in existence

A

True

55
Q

Assimilation and aplication of evidence from nursing and other healthcare disciplines

Nursing theory will increasingly incorporate information from published literature with enhanced emphasis on clinical apllication as situation-specific/ practice theories and mid-range theories

A

Stage 6: Integrated Knowledge

56
Q

T/F Integrated knowledge is no longer in practice today

A

False

57
Q

Stage of integrated knowledge includes what 3 types of knowledge?

A

Theoretical, philosophical, clinical

58
Q

The focus of the integrated knowledge phase was…

A

Domain of nursing and its phenomena

59
Q

Organization of education around ________________ as opposed to ______________

A

Integrated areas of practice, distinct areas of practice

60
Q

2 Other stages of knowledge are…

A

The Stage of information and technology, Stage of interdisciplinary

61
Q

EHR
Robotics (OR and treatments)
Tele-homecare
Telemedicine
Self-care and technology
Health literacy
You are living it.

A

Stage of information and technology

62
Q

Members of different disciplines working together
Using theory and research findings to care for multi-dimensional problems seen
Reflects nature and complexity of science today

A

Stage of inderdisciplinary

63
Q

What are 7 reasons why theories are important in nursing?

A

Identify standards for nursing practice

Identify the setting in which nursing practice should occur, and recipients of what author considers to be recipients of the care

Identify distinct processes and technologies nurses should use (assessment, identifying the problem, intervention strategies, topology, criteria for evaluation)

Direct delivery for nursing care

Clinical information systems

Development of client classification systems

Direct quality assurance projects

64
Q

Nursing theories can be classified by _____ or ______

A

Scope, type

65
Q

The 4 scopes of nursing theory include…

A

Metatheory, grand theory, mid-grange theory, practice theory

66
Q

“Theory about a theory”

Philosophical -
worldview (perceived versus received)
Nature of health & illness at a higher and broader level
Appropriate level of theory

Methodological –
Processes to engage in
Theory evaluation (to assess its usefulness, etc.)
Knowledge development

A

Metatheory

67
Q

Most complex – attempt to explain the BROAD areas within a discipline

Characteristics:
- Non-specific
- Relatively abstract concepts and propositions
- Are not testable
- May incorporate other theories

A

Grand Theory

68
Q

Less broad
Limited number of concepts
Focus on limited aspect of reality
Propositions may be tested

A

Middle Range Theory

69
Q

Called microtheories, prescriptive theories, situation-specific theories
Least complex; contain fewest concepts
Refer to specific, easily defined phenomena
Limited to specific populations or fields of practice
Often use knowledge from other disciplines

A

Practice Theory

70
Q

The 4 types of nursing theory include…

A

D.E.P.P

Descriptive
Explanatory
Predictive
Prescriptive

71
Q

Describe, observe, and name concepts
Do not explain how or why concepts are related
Provide observation and meaning regarding phenomena
Generated and tested through descriptive research

A

Descriptive theory

72
Q

Relate concepts or propositions to one another
Attempt to explain how or why concepts are related
Focus on correlations or rules that regulate interactions
Developed through correlational research

A

Explanatory Theory

73
Q

Explicate conditions under which concepts are related and relational statements are able to describe future outcomes consistently
Experimental research is used to generate and test them

A

Predictive Theory

74
Q

Prescribe activities necessary to reach defined goals
Address actions and predict consequences of interventions
Describe the prescription (action or intervention), consequence, type of client, and condition

A

Prescriptive theory

75
Q

A metaparadigm is…

A

The most global perspective of a discipline
The primary phenomena that are of interest to a discipline
Explains how the discipline deals with phenomena in a unique manner

76
Q

How does our metaparadigm set us apart from other disciplines?

A

we describe what we do as a profession through the use of these paradigms

77
Q

The 4 main concepts of the metaparadigm are…

A

Health
Person
Environment
Nurse

78
Q

Person, health, and environment all relate to the _________________________, while nursing focuses on the ______

A

Recipient of nursing care and actions, nurse

79
Q

Person refers to a…

A

Being consisting of physical, intellectual, biochemical and psychosocial needs
Human energy field
Holistic being
Open system
Integrated whole
Being who is greater than the sum of his parts

80
Q

Health is….

A

The CLIENT’s perception of…

The ability to function independently

Successful adaptation to life’s stressors

Achievement of one’s full life potential

Unity of mind, body, and soul

Health is the concept reflecting greatest diversity in nursing theory

81
Q

Environment is…

A

External elements that affect the person

Internal and external conditions that influence the organism

Significant others with whom the person interacts

An open system with boundaries that permit the exchange of matter, energy, and information (Rogers)

Homeostasis=internal environment

82
Q

Nursing is…

A

A science, art, and practice discipline.

Goals of nursing include:
Care of the well
Care of the sick
Assisting with self-care
Helping individuals attain their human potential

*Nursing actions and interventions

NURS 2036 (5 decks)

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