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PBSI 306: Abnormal Psychology > Exam 3 Material > Flashcards

Exam 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defining feature of moods in mood disorders?

A

The extremes of emotion (affect)

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2
Q

What is the mood depression?

A

A low, sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming
low and slow

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3
Q

What is the mood Mania?

A

State of intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria
high and fast

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4
Q

What is Unipolar depression?

A

people with depressive disorders suffer only from depression, no history of mania

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5
Q

What is bipolar depression?

A

Other experience periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression

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6
Q

What is the prevalence of Unipolar depression?

A

Adults in the US (pre-COVID)
-annual: 7%
-lifetime: 17%
The pandemic tripled these levels

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7
Q

What are the gender differences of Unipolar depression?

A

Women > men, 2:1
gender differences emerge in adolescence
**No gender differences in children or adults ages 65+

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8
Q

What are the demographic differences of unipolar depression?

A

Native American > European American & Hispanic > African Americans
Low SES > High SES

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9
Q

What are the 5 mains areas of functioning for symptoms of depression?

A

Emotional Symptoms
Motivational symptoms
Behavioral Symptoms
Cognitive Symptoms
Physical Symptoms

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10
Q

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

A

A depressive episode, lasting a min of 2 weeks (without mania)
5+/9 symptoms are present for 2+ weeks

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11
Q

What must one of the symptoms of MDD be?

A

either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure

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12
Q

What is the difference between relapse and recurrence?

A

Relapse = symptoms re-emerge quickly
-depressive episode had not yet run its course

Recurrence = onset of a new episode
-symptoms had previously ended and not been there for a while

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13
Q

What are the two primary specifiers for MDD?

A

Trajectory:
-Single episode = initial depressive episode (no previous episodes)
-Recurrent = previous depressive episode(s)

Severity: mild, moderate, severe

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14
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)?

A

Mild to moderate version of depression
Persistently depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 years

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15
Q

What is the prevalence of PDD?

A

Lifetime prevalence of 2.5-6%
50% have onset before age 21

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16
Q

What is the average duration of PDD?

A

4-5 years

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17
Q

What is double depression?

A

moderate depression is chronic (PDD) but have periods of time in which depression is worse (MDD)

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18
Q

What are two other forms of depression?

A
  1. Bereavement-triggered depression
  2. postpartum “baby blues”
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19
Q

What are the 5 biological causes of unipolar depression?

A

*Genetic factors
*Neurotransmitters
–serotonin and norepinephrine (usually low)
–Dopamine (low)
*Endocrine system
–above-average levels of cortisol
–low thyroid
*brain anatomy and neural circuits
–hypoactive
*sleep disturbance

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20
Q

What are the Environmental/Stress causes of unipolar depression?

A

Stress may trigger depression
Vulnerability factors:
-personality and cognitive diathesis
-early adversity

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21
Q

What is the Behavioral Model causes of unipolar depression?

A

-Depression results from changes in rewards and punishments people receive in their lives
-Positive rewards in life decline, leading them to perform fewer and fewer constructive behaviors, and they spiral toward depression

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22
Q

What is the negative thinking of Unipolar depression?

A

-Self-defeating attitudes developed during childhood
-Cognitive triad:
–Individuals repeatedly interpret (1) their experiences, (2) themselves, and (3) their futures in negative ways
*The Negative Cognitive Triad:
The self, the future, and the world

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23
Q

What are Automatic negative throughts?

A

a steady train of unpleasant thoughts that suggest inadequacy and hopelessness

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24
Q

What are Errors in thinking?

A

cognitive distortions
-includes things like catastrophizing, fortune telling

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25
Q

What is Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression?

A

Early experience –> formation of dysfunctional beliefs –> critical incident –> beliefs activated –> ANTs

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26
Q

What is the reformulated (learned) helplessness theory?

A

People become depressed when:
they no longer have control over the reinforcements in their lives
Dog on the shocking floor giving up when it cannot escape

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27
Q

What is the hopelessness theory?

A

Hopelessness has to be there first → then they experience a negative event

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28
Q

What is the rumination theory?

A

Excessive rumination – on their feelings, the causes & consequences of their depression - is a diathesis for depression

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29
Q

What are the 5 main areas of functioning that may be affected by bipolar disorders? and examples for each

A
  1. Emotional symptoms
    -excessive exuberance
  2. Motivation Symptoms
    -need for constant excitement
  3. Behavioral symptoms
    -excessive activity
  4. Cognitive symptoms
    -poor judgment
  5. Physical symptoms
    -high energy level
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30
Q

What are the 7 symptoms for diagnosing bipolar disorder?

A
  1. Decreased need for sleep
  2. pressured speech
  3. grandiosity
  4. flight of ideas
  5. highly distractible
  6. increases in goal-oriented activities
  7. increases in engaging in risky behavior
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31
Q

What is a full manic episode?

A

for at least ONE WEEK, they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, and at least three other symptoms of mania

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32
Q

What is a hypomanic episode?

A

when the symptoms are less severe, lasting a minimum of 4 days

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33
Q

What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?

A

Bipolar I: alternation of full manic and major depressive episodes
Bipolar II: alternation of hypomanic episodes with major depressive episodes

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34
Q

What is rapid cycling with bipolar?

A

If people experience 4+ episodes within a one -year period
-1 episode = a cycle from depression to mania

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35
Q

Does the manic episode or the depressive episode last longer?

A

depressive episodes occur three times as often as manic ones, and last longer

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36
Q

What is the prevalence and onset of bipolar disorder?

A

-Between 2-3% of adults suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time
-Bipolar II is slightly more common than Bipolar I
-Women = men
-Onset usually occurs between the ages of 18- 22 years

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37
Q

What is cyclothymic disorder?

A

-numerous episodes of hypomania + mild depressive symptoms
-Mild symptoms for 2+ years, interrupted by periods of normal mood

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38
Q

What are the 5 biological causes of bipolar disorders?

A

**Genetics: 80-90% due to genes
*Neurotransmitters:
-overactivity of norepinephrine
-low serotonin
-Low serotonin + High norepinephrine = Mania
*Cortisol levels (high during depression)
*Shifting patterns of blood to prefrontal cortex
-Manic → blood flow is high in the prefrontal cortex
*Disturbances in biological rhythms

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39
Q

What are the Psychological causes of Bipolar disorder?

A

-stressful life events
-low social support
-personality variables
-pessimistic attributional style

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40
Q

What are the 3 pharmacotherapy options for treating unipolar depression?

A

MAOIs - prevent breakdown or norepinephrine and serotonin
Tricyclics - block reuptake
SSRIs

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41
Q

What are the 3 options for treatment of unipolar depression when meds don’t work?

A

-Electroconvulsive therapy
-Brain stimulation
-Bright light therapy

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42
Q

What are some forms of psychological treatment for unipolar depression?

A
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • behavioral activation treatment
  • interpersonal therapy
  • family and marital therapy
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43
Q

Why is Bipolar so difficult to treat?

A

Manic and depressive symptoms are almost the complete opposite
Distress may not be present during manic episodes

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44
Q

What are the biological treatments for bipolar disorder?

A

Mood stabilizers

-Lithium
-Anticonvulsants
-Antipsychotics

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45
Q

What is the psychological treatment for bipolar disorder?

A

Adjunctive psychotherapy
- focuses on medication management, social skills, and relationship issue

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46
Q

What are the two central themes for both eating disorders?

A
  • intense and pathological fear of becoming overweight and fat
  • pursuit of thinness that is relentless and sometimes deadly
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47
Q

What are the two elements of bulimia nervosa?

A

binges: bouts of uncontrolled overeating
purges: inappropriate compensatory behaviors

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48
Q

Why does the binge-purge cycle continue?

A

negative reinforcement

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49
Q

What are the two characteristics of anorexia nervosa?

A
  • fear of gaining weight
  • significantly underweight
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50
Q

What are the two types of Anorexia?

A
  • restricting type
  • binge-eating/purging type
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51
Q

What are psychological symptoms of anorexia?

A
  • preoccupation with food
  • distorted cognitions
    –low opinion of body, overestimate their actual size
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52
Q

What is orthorexia nervosa?

A

Intense focus on “healthy eating”

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53
Q

What is binge-eating disorder (BED)?

A

individuals engage in repeated binges without performing compensatory behaviors

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54
Q

What are the typical body weights for those with the 3 different eating disorders?

A

Anorexia - underweight
bulimia - normal or overweight
BED - overweight

55
Q

What is the age of onset for the 3 eating disorders?

A

Anorexia - 16-20 years
Bulimia - 21-24 years
BED - 30-50 years

56
Q

What are the gender differences for eating disorders?

A

Female: Male – 10:1 –> 3:1
Gay & bisexual men > heterosexual men

57
Q

What are the prevalences of eating disorders?

A

Bulimia - 1.5% in women, .05% in men
Anorexia - 0.9% in women, 0.3% in men
BED - 3.5% in women, 2% in men
BED in obese people 6.5-8%

58
Q

What are the medical complications for anorexia and bulimia?

A

Anorexia:
Heart arrhythmias (can be fatal)
Kidney damage
Renal failure
Death: 3%

Bulimia:
Electrolyte imbalances
Hypokalemia (low potassium)
Damage to heart, hands, throat, and teeth

59
Q

What are eating disorder commorbidities?

A

Depression
OCD
Substance abuse disorders
Various personality disorders

60
Q

What is the psychodynamic theory of eating disorders

A

Parents respond to their children ineffectively –> broad cognitive distortions
Anorexia: effort to delay sexual maturation, response to conflicts to control
Bulimia: self-nurturing with food instead of parents

61
Q

What are the biological factors of eating disorders?

A

Serotonin abnormalities
hypothalamus - responsible for weigh “set point”
mood disorders - set the stage

62
Q

What are the sociocultural factors of eating disorders?

A
  • societal pressures
  • family pressures
63
Q

What are some of the family influences on eating disorders?

A
  • psychological tension
  • emphasis on rule-mindedness
  • parental over-direction
  • poor skills in conflict resolution
64
Q

What are the 9 individual risk factors of eating disorders?

A
  • Gender (female) except for BED (male)
  • Age (adolescence) except for BED (post-adolescence)
  • Sexual orientation is a risk for males
  • Internalization of thin ideal
  • perfectionism
  • negative body image
  • dieting
  • negative emotionality
  • childhood sexual abuse (debatable)
65
Q

What are the two main goals of eating disorder treatments?

A
  • correct dangerous eating patterns
  • address broader psychological and situational factors that led to and maintained the disorder
66
Q

What are the main goal for treatment of each of the three eating disorders?

A

Anorexia: Promote normal eating behavior, regain lost weight, and recover from malnourishment

Bulimia: Eliminate binge-purge patterns, and promote normal eating behavior

BED: Eliminate binge patterns, promote normal eating behavior

67
Q

What are the treatments for anorexia?

A

weight-restorative: supportive nursing care, nutritional counseling, high-calorie diets
meds: antipsychotics > antidepressants
Patients are encouraged to recognize their underlying feelings

68
Q

What are the treatments for bulimia?

A

CBT
- exposure and response prevention

Teach individuals to identify and challenge ants
groups formats
antidepressant meds

69
Q

What are the treatments of BED?

A

Medication: antidepressant, appetite suppression
Cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapy

70
Q

What is personality?

A

set of unique traits and behaviors

71
Q

What is the five-factor model of personality?

A

OCEAN

Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

72
Q

What is a “disordered” personality?

A

When someone’s personality impairs their ability to effectively meet the demands of society

73
Q

What are the two clinical features for personality disorders?

A

Chronic interpersonal difficulties
Problems with the identity of sense of self

74
Q

What are the 4 DSM-5 criteria for behavior patterns for personality disorders?

A

Pervasive and inflexible
Stable and of long duration
Clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning
Manifested in at least two areas:
- Cognition; affectivity; interpersonal functioning; impulse control

75
Q

What are the 3 cluster classifications of personality disorders and what disorders do those include?

A

Cluster A: odd/eccentric: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
Cluster B: dramatic/emotional/erratic: Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial, Borderline
Cluster C: anxious/fearful: avoidant, dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive

76
Q

What is the prevalence for personality disorders?

A

Quite high
10-12% of people meet criteria for at least one disorder
Cluster C is greater than the other two

77
Q

Why is it harder to diagnose personality disorders?

A
  • criteria are not sharply defined
  • personality is on a spectrum
  • substantial overlap
  • potential over pathologizing
  • limited research
78
Q

What are the 3 Psychological factors for personality disorders?

A
  • psychodynamic theories: an infant’s getting excessive versus insufficient gratification of its impulses in the first few years of life
  • Learning-based: habit patterns and maladaptive cognitive styles
  • sociocultural styles
79
Q

What are the common factors for Cluster A personality disorders?

A

display symptoms similar to schizophrenia
- suspicion, social withdrawal, and peculiar ways of thinking and perceiving
-people with these disorders rarely seek treatment

80
Q

What is Paranoid personality disorder characterized by?

A
  • deep distrust and suspicion of others
  • often remain cold and distant
  • sensitive to criticism
81
Q

What is the prevalence of Paranoid personality disorder?

A

Low (1-2%)
females = males

82
Q

What are the causes of Paranoid PD?

A

heritability: moderate
early adverse experiences
substance abuse

83
Q

What are the treatments for Paranoid PD?

A

Attempt to help client control anxiety and improve interpersonal skills
try to restructure clients’ maladaptive assumption
- most distrust and rebel against therapist

84
Q

What are the characteristics of Schizoid PD?

A
  • persistent avoidance of social relationships and limited emotional expression
  • prefer to be alone
  • large symptom overlap with ASD
85
Q

What is the prevalence of Schizoid PD?

A

low (1%)
Males > Females

86
Q

What are the causes of Schizoid PD?

A

Heritability: high (55%)
can precede psychotic illness
maladaptive schemas

87
Q

What are the treatments for Schizoid PD?

A

CBT to experience more positive emotions and more satisfying social interactions
- group therapy

88
Q

What are the characteristics of Schizotypal PD?

A
  • extreme discomfort in close relationships
  • odd ways of thinking
  • behavioral eccentricities
  • “magical thinking”
  • often lead unproductive lives
89
Q

What is the prevalence of Schizotypal PD?

A

low (1%)
males > females

90
Q

What are the causes of Schizotypal PD?

A

Heritability: moderate
genetic abnormalities similar to schizophrenia
dopamine activity

91
Q

What is the treatment for Schizotypal PD?

A
  • CBT to teach clients to evaluate their thoughts and perceptions, provide social skills training
  • antipsychotic meds
92
Q

What characterizes Cluster B PDs?

A

dramatic/emotional/erratic
- so emotional and erratic
- hard for people to have satisfying relationships

93
Q

What is Histrionic PD?

A

(think mean girls)
- extremely emotional, but shallow
- vain, self-centered
- attention-getting behaviors
- emotional and sexual manipulation

94
Q

What is the prevalence of Histrionic PD?

A

(low) 1%
females > males

95
Q

What are the causes of Histrionic PD?

A

unclear…
- legitimacy of disorder is in question

96
Q

What are the treatments for Histrionic PD?

A

Cognitive therapists will help client develop healthier schemas for self and others, and better ways of thinking

97
Q

What is Narcissistic PD?

A

grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others
exaggerate achievements and appear arrogant
take advantage of others

98
Q

What are the two subgroups of Narcissistic PD?

A
  1. Grandiose - grandiosity, aggression, dominance
  2. Vulnerable - fragile and unstable sense of self-esteem, hypersensitivity to rejection and criticism
99
Q

What is the prevalence of Narcissistic PD?

A

very low (~1%)
males>females

100
Q

What are the causes for the two types of Narcissistic PD?

A

Grandiose - parental overvaluation
Vulnerable - parental emotional, physical, and sexual abuse; intrusive, controlling, and cold parenting style

101
Q

What are the treatments for Narcissistic PD?

A

No major approaches have been successful
- very unlikely to present for treatment

102
Q

What is Antisocial Personality Disorder?

A
  • the personality disorder most linked to adult criminal behavior
  • persistent disregard for, and violation of, other persons’ rights
  • adolescent criminal behavior
103
Q

When is ASPD diagnosed?

A

Over the age of 18
conduct problems must exist before 15

104
Q

What is the prevalence of ASPD?

A

2-3% (low, but greater than other PD)
men 3-5x more likely than women
high in incarcerated populations

105
Q

What are the causes of ASPD?

A
  • Heritability: moderate
  • low MAOA gene activity
  • prefrontal cortex
  • gene-environment interaction
106
Q

What are 5 of the environmental factors of ASPD?

A
  • low family income
  • having a young mother
  • conflict btw parents
  • neglect
  • harsh discipline from parents
107
Q

What is Borderline PD?

A
  • immense emotional and behavioral instability
  • drastic mood shifts
  • unstable self-image
  • impulsive behaviors
  • chronic feelings of emptiness
108
Q

What is the prevalence of Borderline PD?

A

Gen Pop low (1-2%)
Females = Males

109
Q

What are the comorbidities of Borderline PD?

A

high with depression/anxiety
high with substance use
other PDs

110
Q

What are the causes of Borderline PD?

A

Heritability - high
Environment - high(er)
Gene-environment interaction
Stress leads to long-term dysfunction in the HPA axis, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

111
Q

What are the 4 treatments for Borderline PD?

A
  • Antidepressants (SSRIs)
  • Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
  • Transference-focused psychotherapy
  • mentalization
112
Q

What are the characteristics of Cluster C PDs?

A

anxious/fearful
- symptoms are similar to those of anxiety and depressive disorders

113
Q

What is Avoidant Personality Disorder?

A
  • intensely uncomfortable in social situations
  • overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy
  • extreme social inhibition
  • desire interpersonal contact but avoid it out of fear of rejection
114
Q

What is the prevalence of Avoidant PD?

A

low (2.5%)
Females > Males

115
Q

What are the causes of Avoidant PD?

A
  • heritability: moderate
  • inhibited temperament in childhood
  • genes (diathesis) +, rejection, humiliation
116
Q

What are the treatments for Avoidant PD?

A

Therapy:
- therapist building trust with the individual
- group therapy provides practice in social interactions
Anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs are also sometimes useful

117
Q

What is Dependent PD?

A

Persons have a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of
- clingy
- obedient
- feel distressed and lonely

118
Q

What is the prevalence of Dependent PD?

A

low (1%)
females > males

119
Q

What are the causes of Dependent PD?

A
  • heritability: moderate-high
  • predisposition + authoritarian parenting
  • cognitive schemas
120
Q

What are the treatments for Dependent PD?

A
  • CBT
  • Group therapy
  • Antidepressants
121
Q

What is Obsessive-compulsive PD?

A

Preoccupation with order, perfection, and control that they lose all flexibility, openness, and efficiency
- set extremely high standards for themselves

122
Q

What is the prevalence of OCPD?

A

low (2%)
Males > females

123
Q

What are the causes of OCPD?

A

Heritability: moderate
high conscientiousness
Cloninger approach: dimensions of temperament are heritable

124
Q

What are the treatments for OCPD?

A

CBT
ERP
SSRIs

125
Q

What is the easiest and hardest cluster to treats?

A

Easiest: Cluster C
Hardest: Cluster B

126
Q

What are 5 of Cleckey’s Criteria for Psychopathy?

A
  • superficial charm and good “intelligence”
  • absence of delusions
  • unreliability
  • lack of remorse or shame
    poor judgment and failure to learn from experience
127
Q

What are the four factors of Psychopathy? and features of each

A
  • interpersonal: superficial charm
  • affective: lack of remorse
  • lifestyle: impulsivity
  • antisocial: criminality
128
Q

What are the 5 causal factors of Psychopathy?

A
  • genetics
  • low levels of fear
  • general emotional deficits
  • early parental loss
  • parental rejection
129
Q

What are 3 risks for psychopathy?

A
  • exhibit fearlessness
  • poor conscience
  • premeditated aggression
130
Q

What is the treatment of psychopathy?

A

difficult/unsuccessful
CBT offers some promise

131
Q

What is the interpersonal theory of depression?

A

depressed people often display social deficits that make other people uncomfortable and may cause then to avoid the depressed individual.
this leads to decreased social contact and a further deterioration of social skills

132
Q

What is ECT and how does it work?

A

Electroconvulsive therapy
- targeted electrical stimulation cause a brain seizure which causes a restart to neurotransmitters

133
Q

What are the 3 disorders where women = men?

A
  • bipolar
  • paranoid
  • borderline

PBSI 306: Abnormal Psychology (3 decks)

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