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12.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is defined as the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

What are the 5 Special senses?

A
  1. smell
  2. taste
  3. vision
  4. hearing
  5. equilibrium
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3
Q

What are the 2 general senses?

A
  1. somatic
  2. visceral
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4
Q

What are the somatic senses?

A
  1. tactile
  2. thermal, pain
  3. proprioceptive sensations
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5
Q

Visceral senses provide sensations from what?

A

internal organs

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6
Q

What are the 4 conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur?

A
  1. There must be a stimulus.
  2. Sensory receptor converts stimulus to an electrical signal.
  3. Nerve pathway conducts the information to the brain.
  4. Brain translates or integrates the nerve impulse into a sensation.
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7
Q

What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations?

A

Perceptions

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8
Q

Perception is primarily a function of what?

A

Cerebral cortex

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9
Q

What is the decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus, that causes the perception of a sensation to fade or disappear even though the stimulus is still present?

A

Adaptation

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10
Q

Receptors can be classified by what?

A

their functional characteristics

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11
Q

What are the 6 Types of receptors?

A

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Thermoreceptors
3) Nociceptors
4) Photoreceptors
5) Chemoreceptors
6) Osmoreceptors

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12
Q

Which receptors detect mechanical deformation of adjacent cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

Which receptors detect changes in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

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14
Q

Which receptors detect pain?

A

Nociceptors

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15
Q

Which receptors detect light?

A

Photoreceptors

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16
Q

Which receptors detect the presence of chemicals in solution?

A

Chemoreceptors

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17
Q

Which receptors detect the osmotic pressure of fluids?

A

Osmoreceptors

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18
Q

Where are sensory receptors located for somatic sensations?

A

skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, and joints.

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19
Q

Why are some areas more sensitive to stimuli than others?

A

The sensory receptors for somatic sensations are widely and unevenly distributed over the body.

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20
Q

What are the 3 Receptors for Somatic Senses?

A
  1. Tactile
  2. Thermal
  3. Pain
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21
Q

Which receptors detect: touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle?

A

Tactile

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22
Q

Most tactile sensation receptors are located where?

A

skin or subcutaneous tissue

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23
Q

Which receptors detect: Hot & Cold?

A

Thermal

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24
Q

Thermal receptors are located where?

A

epidermis and dermis

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25
Pain receptors are located in virtually all tissues of the body EXCEPT where?
the brain
26
Most tactile sensations are detected by what type of receptors? located in the?
mechanoreceptors superficial and deep dermal layers
27
Temperatures between (10 - 40º C) or (50 - 105ºF) activates what type of thermal receptor? located in the?
cold receptors epidermis
28
Temperatures between (32 - 48º C) or (90 - 118ºF) activate what type of thermal receptor? located in the
warm receptors dermis
29
What temperature range can be detected by thermoreceptors?
50ºF - 118ºF
30
Temperatures below (50ºF) or above (118ºF) stimulate __________ instead of thermoreceptors, thus eliciting painful stimulations.
Nociceptors
31
What receptors detect extreme temperatures, inadequate blood flow to an organ, or excessive stretching of an organ?
Nociceptors
32
Do nociceptors adapt to pain?
No
33
What pain is known as: acute, sharp, or pricking pain? Example: from a needle puncture
Fast pain
34
What pain tends to be: chronic, aching, burning, or throbbing?
Slow pain
35
Is fast pain localized or diffuse?
localized
36
Is slow pain localized or diffuse?
diffuse
37
What is pain felt in a surface area far from the stimulated organ called? example: pain from a heart attack which radiates along the left arm.
referred pain
38
Where are the 4 places proprioceptors are located?
1. skeletal muscles (muscle spindles) 2. tendons (tendon organs) 3. synovial joints (joint kinesthetic receptors) 4. inner ears (hair cells)
39
What is also known as the kinesthetic sense or the perception of body movements?
Proprioception
40
Muscles spindles (in the muscles) inform us of what?
which muscle are contracting
41
Tendons organs (in the tendons) inform us of what?
the amount of tension in our tendons
42
Joint kinesthetic (in and around synovial joints) inform us of what?
the position of our joints while doing work.
43
Hairs cells in the middle ear monitors the orientation of what?
the head relative to the ground and positioning during movements
44
What allow us to estimate the weight of objects and determine the muscular effort needed to perform a task?
Proprioceptive sensations
45
Olfaction is what?
sense of smell
46
Olfactory receptors are located in the __________ in the superior portion of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
nasal epithelium nasal cavity
47
What are the 3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?
1. olfactory receptor cells 2. supporting cells 3. basal cells
48
In order to be smelled, substances (odorants) must be dissolved by what? What serves as a solvent for the inhaled odorants?
Mucus secreted Olfactory glands
49
The interaction of the olfactory receptor cells and the odorant molecules leads to what?
nerve impulses
50
Adaptation to odors occurs (quickly/slowly), and the threshold of smell is (low/high)?
quickly low
51
What are neurons with olfactory cilia in the olfactory epithelium that detect chemicals called odorants?
Olfactory receptors cells
52
Olfactory receptor axons form olfactory nerves (cranial nerve I) and extend through the _________ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cribriform plate olfactory bulb
53
At the olfactory bulb, they synapse with olfactory bulb neurons forming the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
olfactory tract
54
What causes our emotional response to odors?
the limbic system
55
What is gustation?
sense of taste
56
What are the 5 primary tastes?
1. salty 2. sweet 3. sour 4. bitter 5. umami
57
The gustatory receptor cells are located mainly where?
taste buds on the surface of the tongue
58
Taste buds are found in raised bumps on the tongue called what?
fungiform papillae
59
Taste buds consist of 3 kinds of epithelial cells:
1. supporting cells 2. gustatory receptor cells 3. basal cells
60
To be tasted, substances (tastants) must be dissolved in what?
saliva
61
Once dissolved, tastants enter taste pores and make contact with what?
gustatory hairs
62
The electrical signal for taste that stimulates _________ to transmit a nerve impulse.
gustatory receptor cell
63
Does adaption to taste occur quickly?
Yes
64
CN 7 carries taste information from? CN 9 carries taste information from? CN 10 carries taste information from?
anterior 2/3 of the tongue posterior 1/3 of the tongue taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat
65
From the taste buds, impulses propagate along these cranial nerves to what?
the midbrain
66
From the midbrain, the axons go to the final destination of _____________ for the conscious perception of taste.
primary gustatory area
67
Some axons go to the _________ and the __________ for emotions related to food.
limbic system hypothalamus
68
Eyebrows and eyelashes both act to protect the eye from what?
foreign objects, perspiration and direct sun rays
68
Eyebrows and eyelashes both act to protect the eye from what?
foreign objects, perspiration and direct sun rays
69
Eyelids shade the eyes…
during sleep, protect it from excessive light and spread lubrication over the eyeballs by blinking.
70
Lacrimal apparatus group of glands, duct and canals that produce and drain…
tears in both eyes.

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