Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Laura’s Histology > Epithelial Tissues + Glands > Flashcards

Epithelial Tissues + Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Where is epithelial found

A

Covers all external surfaces and lines internal passageways and chambers, forms glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does epithelial tissue include

A

Epithelia and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are glands

A

Glands are structures that produce fluid secretions
They are either derived from epithelia or attached to epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the overall functions of epithelial tissues? 4

A

1.physical protection
2.control permeability
3.produce specialised secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Common characteristics of ALL epithelial tissues

A
  • Polarity (attached basal,lateral, exposed apical surface)
  • Avascular
  • cellularity (all cells bound tgt tightly with interconnections/junctions)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the name of the junction with the protein connexin and how many connexin make a connexon?

A

Gap junctions
6 connexins make a connexon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the specialisation of epithelia cell?

A

Cilia
Microvilli
Keratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

5 types of cell junctions

A

Gap junctions
Adhering junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of gap junctions?

A

Movement of ions through the gap junctions help coordinate movement like the beating of cilia , coordinate muscle controls too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are tight junctions located?

A

Encircle the apical regions of epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are tight junctions also known as?

A

Zona occludens / occluding junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of tight junctions

A
  • prevent water and solutes from passing between the cells
  • isolate contents of lumen from basolateral surfaces of the cell
  • tight junctions at the apical surface of cells that line digestive tract prevent acids and enzymes from damaging the tissues underneath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do desmosomes do and why?

A

Links cytoskeletons of adjacent cells to form strong cohesive epithelium. Because most epithelial cells are subject to mechinal stresses and need durable interconnections.
Desmosomes are very strong and can resist stretching and twisting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are all the proteins involved with the different cell junctions?

A

Claudins, tricellulin,Occludin for tight junction
Cadherin for desmosomes
Integrin, laminins for hemidesmosomes
Cadherin for adhering belt
Connexins for gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where in the cell is the adhering belt located

A

In the lateral plasma membrane, immediately below the tight junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is hemidesmosomes found and what is it’s function

A

Found at the basal surface , using protein integrin to link epithelial to basement membrane (basal lamina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of (2 parts)

A

Basal Lamina
Reticular lamina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Classify the types of epithelia

A

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar

Stratified squamous
Stratified cuboidal
Stratified columnar

Pseudostratified columnar
Transitional

Glandular epithelia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of simple squamous

A

Thin and delicate
Located in places like alveoli and endothelium
Involved in diffusion, Absorption and secretion
Nucleus usually appears squashed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of stratified squamous epithelium

A

Handle Mechanical stress from abrasion
Usually keratinized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Locations of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Exposed body surfaces
Living of the mouth oesophagus ants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Microvilli vs cilia

A

Microvilli found mostly in intestine to increase surface area for absorption while cilia is usually found mostly in respiratory tract to move the mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the protein that helps cilia move

A

Dyenein

24
Q

Where is pseudostratified Ciliated columnar epithelia found and what is the function

A

Lining the respiratory tract like trachea or bronchi
Function is to secrete then move mucus with cilia

25
Q

Structure of pseudo-stratified columnar eptihelim

A

All the cells rest on the basal layer

26
Q

Nucleus appearance of simple cuboidal vs columnar

A

Round in cuboidal
oval in columnar + located more towards the base

27
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found

A

Urinary outflow tract like the bladder, with special features to make it waterproof

28
Q

Distended state vs non-distended state of transitional epithelium

A

In the non-distended state, basal cells are roughly cuboidal and intermediate cells are umbrella shaped

In the distended state, the layers are extremely flattened

29
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Endocrine glands release secretions into the blood while exocrine release their secretions directly onto an epithelial surface OR through ducts

30
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete

A

Hormones

31
Q

What are the two types of secretions

A

Serous and mucous

32
Q

Types of ducts

A

Simple tubular
simple coiled tubular
Simple branched tubular
Simple acinar/alveolar
Simple branched acinar /alveolar

Compound tubular
Compound acinar/alveolar

33
Q

3 types of regulation of hormone secretions (endocrine glands)

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Hormonal
  3. Neural
34
Q

3 methods of secretions

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

35
Q

Classification of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular like goblet cells
Multicellular like all the different types of ducts

36
Q

What is the secretory gland that involved the process of exocytosis

A

Merocrine/eccrine
Proteins are usually the major product
Mucin is a Merocrine secretion
Sweat glands too

37
Q

Describe apocrine secretions

A

Discharge free unbroken membrane bound vesicles containing secretory product, involved the loss of cytoplasm.
Milk production invoices a combo of merocine and apocrine

38
Q

The secretory cells of sebaceous glands fill with vesicles then ruptured, releasing their contents. Which method of secretion is this?

A

Holocrine . Holocrine is where there is programmed cell death

39
Q

Sweat glands are what type of glands (shape)

A

Simple coiled tubular or simple Coiled

40
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumours arising from epithelial tissues

41
Q

Why does PAS stain mucous secretions more than serous secretions?

A

Mucous secretions stain more because it contains more glycoproteins. PAS stains complex carbs and mucins more.

42
Q

What are the three glands in the mouth

A

Parotid beside/below ear
Submandibular
Sublingual

Numerous minor accessory glands present too

43
Q

Which secretory cell is found in the sublingual gland

A

Mucous cells

44
Q

Which secretory cells are found in the submandibular gland

A

Mucous and serous cells

45
Q

What secretory cells is found in the parotid gland

A

Serous cells, produced a thin watery secretion rich in enzymes and antibodies

46
Q

Why does sublingual gland stain poorly with H&E

A

Predominantly mucous acini, mucous doesn’t stain well in H&E

47
Q

What type of gland is the parathyroid gland

A

Endocrine. Hormones PTH is secreted and regulates the calcium levels in the body

48
Q

What is the name of the cell that produces PTH

A

Chief cells

49
Q

Describe the process of increasing calcium levels by parathyroid hormone

A

When calcium levels are Low, parathyroid is stimulated. Chief cells produce PTH. PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix so calcium in bones to supply to body.

50
Q

What are the parts of the adrenal gland

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

Outer cortex is made of 3 zones. Remember great friendly rat

Glomerulosa
Fasciculata
Reticularis

51
Q

Pancreas has both exo and endocrine glands. What is the name of the endocrine gland and the cells in the gland?
What structure is the exocrine gland?

A

Exocrine gland forms majority of the pancreas (98%). It is serous acinar.

The endocrine gland is called Islets of sugar
Alpha cells secret glucagon (increase blood sugar)
Beta cells secrete insulin (decrease blood sugar)
Delta cells secrete somastatin

52
Q

The hormone secreted by C cells in thyroid gland

A

Calcitonin

53
Q

What does calcitonin do

A

Calcitonin decreases calcium levels in blood by inhibiting actions of PTH

54
Q

Unstimulated vs stimulated saliva

A

Unstimulated saliva is at rest, Low flow rate, produced mainly by submandibular glands. Produced both serous and mucous secretions

Stimulate saliva is when chewing. High flow rate. Mainly parotid Glands 50%, serous secretions with a lot of enzymes

55
Q

Contents of both serous and mucous secretions

A

Serous
- enzyme rich
- mostly proteins
Small amounts of carbs
- amylase

Mucous
- high in carbs Low in proteins
- Mucins

56
Q

What type of gland is salivary gland (eccrine,apocrine,Merocrine,Holocrine)

A

Merocrine because music mode of product secretion is through membrane vesicles, exocytosis

57
Q

Where are the main sites of action for insulin

A

Liver, muscle tissue and adipose tissue

Laura’s Histology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions