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PE GCSE > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal System

Name all the functions of the skeletal system.

A

Muscle attachment , support , joints for movement , blood cell production , storage of calcium and phosphorus , protection of vital organs.

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2
Q

Explain one function of the skeletal system.

A

Support is a function of the skeletal system. Support is important for a diver as the bones in the hand called carpals support their bodyweight which allows them to hold their handstand and be stable at the start of the dive.Therefore this benefits the performer as it allows them to look more aethetically pleasing to sore more points.

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3
Q

Explain how the skeletal system protects vital organs.

A

The skeletal system protects vital organs in the body. For example in trampolining, the ribcage protects your lungs when doing a front landing. This benefits the performer as it prevents any injury, which allows them continue with the routine. They will look more aesthetically pleasing and gain more points.

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4
Q

Explain why blood cell production is useful for a long distance runner

A

A long distance runner needs blood cell production. For example, red blood cells carry oxgen to the working muscles. This means that they can work at a higher intensity , aerobically for longer without fatiguing by-products.

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5
Q

Explain one function of the skeletal system.

A

Support is a function of the skeletal system. Support is important for a diver as the bones in the hand called carpals support their bodyweight which allows them to hold their handstand and be stable at the start of the dive.Therefore this benefits the performer as it allows them to look more aethetically pleasing to sore more points.

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6
Q

What is the function of the long bones?

A

They are vital to generate movement ,strength and speed. They act as a lever, when they are pulled by different muscles and they enable the body to move.

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7
Q

Give an example of a long bone.

A

The femur increases strength and pace when kicking a football

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8
Q

What is the function of the short bones?

A

They are weight bearing

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9
Q

Give an example of short bones.

A

Carpals support bodyweight during a handstand in diving (The only short bones are carpals and tarsals)

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10
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

They protect vital organs and have a broad surface for muscle attachment

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11
Q

Give an example of a flat bone.

A

The cranium protects the brain during a collision with an opponent in rugby

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12
Q

What is the function of irregular bones?

A

They protect various parts of the body

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13
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone.

A

Vertebral column protects the spinal cord when doing a back landing in trampolining

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14
Q

How many bones are in the vertebral column?

A

33 bones

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15
Q

Write in order the 5 bones in the vertebral column.

A

Cervical, thoracic , lumbar , sacrum and coccyx

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16
Q

Name all the long bones.

A

Humerus, femur , tibia ,fibula , radius , ulna , phalanges , metacarpals , metatarsals and clavicle

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17
Q

Name all the short bones.

A

Carplas and tarsals

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18
Q

Name all the flat bones.

A

Ribs , scapula , cranium and sternum

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19
Q

Name all the irregular bones.

A

Vertebral column

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20
Q

What is a joint?

A

Where 2 or more bones meet. Movement takes place.

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21
Q

Give an example of a ball and socket joint.

A

Shoulder and hip (flexion, exension ,adduction ,abduction ,rotation and circumduction)

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22
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint.

A

Elbow , knee and ankle (flexion and extension)

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23
Q

Give an example of a pivot joint.

A

(atlas and axis) (rotation)

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24
Q

What is flexion?

A

Bending movement that decreases the angle at the joint

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25
Q

What is extension?

A

Staightening movement that increases the angle at the joint

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26
Q

What is abduction?

A

A movement that pulls a limb away from the midline of the body

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27
Q

What is adduction?

A

A movement that pulls a limb towards the midline of the body

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28
Q

What is rotation?

A

A movement around a single axis or pivot point

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29
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Moving in a circular or conical shape that allows 360 degrees of movement

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30
Q

What is Dorsi- flexion?

A

Bending or flexing the toes upwards closer to shin

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31
Q

What is plantar-flexion?

A

Extending or pointing toes down away from the shin

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32
Q

Identify and explain the long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system.

A

Increased bone density from weight baring activities lead to stronger bones. This benefits the performer as there is less chance of breaks and osteoporosis.
Increased strength of ligaments and tendons. This leads to better support and stability which benefits the performer as they are less likely to dislocate a joint or get an oversuse injury.

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33
Q

Muscular System

Where are voluntary muscles located and how do we control them?

A

Voluntary muscles are muscles attaching via tendons and they are under concious control.

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34
Q

Where are involuntary muscles located and how do we control them?

A

Involuntary muscles are blood vessels, stomach and intestines. They automatically contract slowly and rythmically

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35
Q

Where are cardiac muscles and how do we control them?

A

The cardiac muscle is the heart and is unconsciously controlled and never rests or tires.

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36
Q

Where are deltoids located and what is there function?

A

They are located at the top of shoulder and they abduct the arm at the shoulder

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37
Q

Where is pectoralis major located and what is it’s function?

A

Located at the front of upper chest and they adduct the arm at shoulder

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38
Q

Where is latissimus dorsi located and what is it’s function?

A

Located at the sides of back and it adducts the upper arm at the shoulder and rotates humerus

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39
Q

Where are the external obliques located and what is there function?

A

Located between lower ribs and abdomen and they rotate the trunk and helps pull down chest

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40
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

2 muscles that work together to create movement at a joint. Whilst one muscle contracts, another relaxes for movement to occur

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41
Q

If a muscle contracts or shortens which pair is it?

A

Agonist

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42
Q

If a muscle relaxes or lengthens which pair is it?

A

Antagonist

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43
Q

Where are the triceps located and what is their function?

A

Located at the back of upper arm and they extend the arm at the elbow

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44
Q

Where are the biceps located and what is their function?

A

Located at the front of upper arm and they flex the arm at the elbow

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45
Q

Where are the hamstrings located and what is is their function?

A

Located at the back of upper leg and they flex the leg at the knee

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46
Q

Where are the quadriceps and what is their function?

A

Located at the front of upper leg and they extend the leg at the knee

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47
Q

Where is the gluteus maximus located and what is it’s function?

A

Located at the buttocks and it extends the leg at the hip

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48
Q

Where is the hip flexors located and what is it’s function?

A

Located at the top of upper leg at the front and it flexes the leg at the hip

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49
Q

Where is the tibialis major located and what is it’s function?

A

Located at the front of lower leg and dorsi - flexion happens at the ankle

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50
Q

Where is the gastrocnemius located and what is it’s function?

A

Located at the back of lower leg where plantar - flexion of the foot at the ankle happens

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51
Q

Name one short term effect of exercise on the muscular system

A

Muscle fatigue due to increased acidity in the cells because of reactions releasing the required energy.

Lactic acid accumulation in the muscle tissue and bloodstream due to anaerobic respiration.

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52
Q

Name one long term effect of exercise on the muscular system

A

Anaerobic -Increased strength which increases the amount of force that can be applied to something
Aerobic - Increased myoglobin content improves oxygen supply to muscles
Anaerobic- Muscular hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size it benefits activities where strength and power are required

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53
Q

Describe Slow twitch Type 1 muscle fibre.

A

It produces low force and has a slow speed of contraction. It also has a high endurance and resistance fatigue.This is useful for a long distance runner as it does not produce much power.

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54
Q

Describe Fast twitch Type 11A

A

Produces moderate force of contraction and has a moderate speed of contraction. It has a medium endurance and is most effective for a middle distance runner (800m-1500m) as it isn’t as resistant to fatigue as type 1

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55
Q

Describe Fast twitch Type 11x

A

Produces very high force of contraction and has a fast speed of contraction also. It has low endurance so it is most effective for a long jumper or sprinter.

56
Q

What is Oxygen deficit?

A

It is where muscles produce energy anaerobiacally as there is a lack of oxygen around the body due to the intense exercising

57
Q

What is a tendon?

A

A connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

58
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

59
Q

Identify all 3 of the types of muscle fibres.

A

Slow Twitch Type 1
Fast Twitch Type 11A
Fast Twitch Type11X

60
Q

Cardiovacular System

What 3 things make up the CV system?

A

The blood , the blood vessels and the heart

61
Q

Name and explain one function of the CV system

A

Transport of oxygen around the body in the blood to vital organs and muscles for energy production
Removal of waste products. For example Carbon Dioxide is produced as a by-product of energy production. The CV system takes C02 away from the muscles.This would benefit the performer as it prevents cramp and allows them to carry on playing

62
Q

What happens to the blood if body temperature rises?

A

There is an increase in blood flow to the capillaries under the skin surface which will increase heat loss this is called vasodialtion and it will allow our body to cool down

63
Q

What happens if the body temperature drops?

A

There will be a decrease in blood flow to the capillaries under the skin surface this reduces heat loss from the skins surfaces which will warm us up. This is known as vasoconstriction

64
Q

Finish the gaps on a heart diagram?

A

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/206532332899517737/

65
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood towards the heart

66
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Transport blood away from the heart

67
Q

What do valves do?

A

Prevent the blackflow of blood

68
Q

Describe the structure and function of the capillary.

A

The capillary has a very small and narrow lumen as the pressure of the blood is low to allow the blood to flow slowly and for gas exchange to take place. It also has thin walls for gas exchange to happen quickly. Capillaries attach veins to arteries.

69
Q

Describe the structure and function of the vein.

A

The vein contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood. It also has thin walls as the pressure of the blood is very low. It also has a large internal lumen which is assisting the blood back to the heart from the rest of the body. Veins carry blood towards the heart.

70
Q

Describe the structure and function of the artery.

A

The artery has thick muscular walls to withstand high pressure of the blood from the heart. It also has a small internal lumen to maintain the high pressure . Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

71
Q

Name all four components of blood.

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells , blood platelets and plasma

72
Q

What is the function of RBC and how can it benefit a performer?

A

They carry oxygen around the body and remove the carbon dioxide. This benefits the performer because more carbon dioxide can be transported away from the working muscles, allowing the performer to work aerobically for longer without fatiguing by-products

73
Q

What is the function of white blood cell and how can it benefit a performer?

A

They engulf bacteria to fight infection. White blood cells are important for a performer as they destroy pathogens so therefore performer can stay free from illness and maintain their high levels of performance.

74
Q

What is the function of blood platelets and how do they benefit the performer?

A

They clot the blood so if we fall they stop us bleeding a significant amount. In rugby for example, time is stopped so that blood injuries can be treated . Platelets benefit the performer as it prevents them bleeding a significant amount

75
Q

What is the definition of blood pressure?

A

The force of blood against the blood vessel walls

76
Q

What are some causes of high blood pressure?

A

Drinking too much alcohol and a lack of physical activity.

77
Q

What are the different types of blood pressure?

A

Systolic and Diastolic

78
Q

What is Diastolic blood pressure?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes and lets the chambers fill with blood

79
Q

What is Systolic blood pressure?

A

The phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts and pumps blood out of the heart into the arteries - forcing blood out.

80
Q

What is vascular shunting?

A

The redistribution of blood from inactive areas to active areas during exercise through vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

81
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

During exercise blood vessels are constricted meaning the internal lumen becomes narrower.This reduces blood flow to inactive areas such as the digestive system. Reduced blood flow means less oxygen being transported to these areas. Therefore the digestive sysem cannot perform its functions at the same level of effectiveness.

82
Q

what are the units for blood pressure?

A

mmHg

83
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

During exercise blood vessels are dilated meaning the internal lumen becomes wider. This increases blood flow to active areas such as the working muscles. Increased blood flow means more oxygen can be transported to these areas. Therefore the working muscles can perform its function at a higher intensity for longer without fatiguing by-products.

84
Q

Name 3 long term effects of execise on the CV system.

A

Lower resting heart rate, cardiac hypertrophy and increased number of red blood cells.

85
Q

Explain one long term effect of exercise on the Cardiovascular system.

A

Lower resting heart rate means that the heart can supply the same amount of blood with fewer beats meaning the heart is more efficient and has less stress. The performer (athletes) can work aerobically at a higher intensity for longer without fatigue.

Training increases the size, strength and thickness of the heart. Because the heart gets bigger, the chambers increase in volume and the heart can contract more forcefully to pump more blood to the working muscles. The performer can work at a higher level of performance.

86
Q

Name 3 short term effects of exercise on the CV system.

A

Increase in Heart rate , blood pressure , stroke volume

87
Q

Explain one short term effect of exercise on the CV system.

A

Heart rate starts to increase as soon you start to exercise. The heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. As this increases more blood is being pumped around the body which means more oxygen is being transported to the working muscles. The performer can therefore work aerobically at a higher intensity for longer without muscle fatigue.

88
Q

Respiratory System

What percentage of oxygen is inhaled and exhaled?

A

21% is inhaled and 16% is exhaled

89
Q

What percentage of carbon dioxide is inhaled and exhaled?

A

0.04% is inhaled and 4% is exhaled

90
Q

What percentage of Nitrogen is inhaled and exhaled?

A

79% is inhaled and 79% is exhaled

91
Q

Why does the percentage of oxygen decrease when its exhaled?

A

Oxygen levels decrease as oxygen is used in energy production for activity or recovery. so there is less oxygen to breathe out

92
Q

Why does the percentage of carbon dioxide increase when its exhaled?

A

Carbon dioxide levels increase as it’s a by-product of energy production

93
Q

What is lung volume?

A

The capacity of the lungs (how much air it can hold)

94
Q

What is Tidal volume?

A

The amount of air inspired and expired with each normal breath.

95
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air the lungs can expire after the maximum amount that they can inspire

96
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

The number of breathes per minute

97
Q

Explain why tidal volume increases when a performer takes part in physical activity?

A

Tidal volume increases when exercising because breathing rate increases this enables you to inhale more oxygen and exhale more carbon dioxide. When exercising the demand for oxygen increases. To meet these demands our breathing rate and depth increases but these are not sufficient on their own so tidal volume increases. This allows the performer to work aerobically for longer without fatiguing by-products.

98
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

A process where oxygen from the lungs enters the bloodstream via alveoli and is taken to the muscles by the capillaries. Carbon dioxide is removed from the muscles and taken to the lungs in the bloodstream to then be exhaled.Gas exchange is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen from a high to low concentration.

99
Q

State one characteristic of alveoli.

A

One cell thick walls, large surface area

100
Q

Explain what aerobic exercise is and what performers it would benefit.

A

Aerobic exercise uses oxygen for energy production. This is ideal for slow paced continuous activities (long distance running, cycling and swimming) . This consists of 60% - 80% of maximum heart rate. The performer can continue respiring aerobically for longer without fatiguing by-products.

101
Q

Explain what anaerobic exercise is and what performers it would benefit.

A

Anaerobic exercise does not use oxygen in enrgy production. This is ideal for high intensity activities that are over very quickly for example, sprinting, shot put or weight lifting. This consists of 80%-90% of the maximum heart rate. This benefits the performer as there is more oxygen for recovery.

102
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + heat + energy

103
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose → lactic acid + energy

104
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

A by-product of anaerobic respiration

105
Q

What does lactic acid cause?

A

Lactic acid accumulates in the blood and muscle tissue which causes the muscles to be tired and crampy so they work less efficiently. This causes a drop in performance.

106
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen needed at the end of physical activity to break down lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water.

107
Q

Explain why oxygen debt is more likely to be associated with a shot putter than a 5k runner?

A

Shot put is anaerobic , therefore it doesn’t use oxygen during the event. So there is no time to use oxygen for energy. The muscles need extra oxygen after during recovery, whereas during a 5k run oxygen is already available.

108
Q

What is the calculation for MHR?

A

220 - age

109
Q

Name all 3 short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system.

A

Breathing rate increases
Breathing depth increase
Tidal volume increase

110
Q

Name all 3 long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system.

A

Increased number of alveoli
Increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles]
Increased vital capacity

111
Q

Explain one long term effect of exercise on the cardiorespiratory system.

A

Increased strength of diaphragm and intercostal muscles , this increases lung volume so more air can be inhaled. Therefore more oxygen is transported to the working muscle. This benefits the performer as they can perform aerobically for longer without fatiguing by-products.

112
Q

Describe fats.

A

Fat is an energy source for aerobic activity which requires oxygen to break down into glucose. It is slow to break down but when broken down gives large amounts of energy. (butter, oil and cheese)

113
Q

What performers are fats useful for?

A

Long distance runners ,cyclists and swimmers

114
Q

Describe carbohydates.

A

They are energy sources for aerobic and anaerobic activities. They don’t require oxygen to break them down. They are quick to break down and release energy but don’t give as much energy as fats.

115
Q

What are the two types of carbohydrates and give an example?

A

Simple (cake and chocolate) and complex (bananas , rice and bread)

116
Q

Explain which energy source would predominantly be used for a marathon runner?

A

Fats is the energy source that a marathon runner would use. This is because long distance is aerobic which means that oxygen is required to break down and release energy.

117
Q

What is fitness?

A

The ability to meet demands of the environment

118
Q

What is exercise?

A

A form of physical activity done to maintain or improve health or physical fitness, it is not competitive

119
Q

What is health?

A

A state of complete emotional, physical and social wellbeing not merely the absence of disease

120
Q

What does performance mean?

A

How well a task is completed

121
Q

Name all 5 of the health related components of fitness

A

Cardiovascular fitness , muscular endurance , muscular strength , flexibility and body composition

122
Q

What is cardiovascular fitness?

A

The ability to exercise the whole body for long periods of time without fatiguing

123
Q

What is muscular endurance?

A

The ability to use voluntary muscles many times without getting tired

124
Q

What is muscular strength?

A

The amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance

125
Q

What is flexibilty

A

The range of movement at a joint

126
Q

What is body composition?

A

The percentage of body weight which is fat , muscle and bone

127
Q

What are the 6 skill related components of fitness?

A

Agility, balance , coordination , power , reaction time , speed

128
Q

What is agility and what performer needs it?

A

The ability to control the movement of the whole body and change position quickly
and a footballer needs it to dribble pass othere players

129
Q

What is balance and what performer needs it?

A

Being able to keep the body stable , while at rest or in motion and a gymnast would need it balancing on a beam

130
Q

What is coordination and what performer needs it?

A

The ability to use 2 or more body parts together and a tennis player needs it during a serve

131
Q

What is power and what performer needs it?

A

The ability to undertake strength performances quickly and a shotputter would need it

132
Q

What is reaction time and what performer needs it?

A

The time taken between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of the movement and a short distance runner needs it when the starter gun is shot and the race begins

133
Q

What is speed and what performer needs it?

A

Speed is the rate at which an individual can perform a movement or cover a distance and a sprinter needs it to win the race

134
Q

Explain using a sporting example , how a component of fitness can be applied to help a performer [ 3 marks ]

A

One component of fitness is agility , agility is the ability to contol the movement of the whole body and change position quickly. For example , a footballer needs agility to dribble passed other players and get to the goal quicker than the defenders. This would benefit the performer as they can get in front of the defenders and take a shot.

135
Q

Explain using a sporting example , how a component of fitness can be applied to help a performer [ 3 marks ]

A

One component of fitness is agility , agility is the ability to contol the movement of the whole body and change position quickly. For example , a footballer needs agility to dribble passed other players and get to the goal quicker than the defenders. This would benefit the performer as they can get in front of the defenders and take a shot.

136
Q

What does PARQ stand for?

A

Physial Activity Readiness Questionnaire

PE GCSE (2 decks)

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