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Archaeology 1000 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

basic first question for how society was organized

A

What is the scale of society?

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2
Q

Any site will have

A

its own hinterland
Its own catchment area for the feeding of its population

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3
Q

Polity

A

The largest social unit

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4
Q

what does polity not imply

A

any particular size or complexity of organization

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5
Q

a polity can apply to

A

any type of society

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6
Q

has not always been a stable system of government

A

Democracy

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7
Q

Best answer for study of settlement

A

Social organization

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8
Q

Social organization

A

The scale and nature of individual sites

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9
Q

Social complexity

A

describes aspects of social ranking

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10
Q

One has to account for what is buried with the person is NOT

A

simply the exact equivalent either of status or of material goods owned or used in life

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11
Q

Relationship between the role and rank of the deceased during their life AND

A

the manner that the remains are disposed of and the accompanied artifacts

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12
Q

ACHIEVE STATUS

A
  1. Achieved status is determined by an individual’s performance or effort.
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13
Q

ASCRIBED STATUS

A

aspects determined at birth over which people had little control

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14
Q

After the graves in a cemetery has been dating

A

Next is to produce a frequency distribution of the number of different artifact types in each grave

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15
Q

What one is seeking to study is social sturcture as

A

a whole not just personal ranking in life

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16
Q

Good idea to understand the labor put into the

A

burial monument and any social implications

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17
Q

To understand a more complete picture of a ranked society

A

need to consider the burial customs of the society as a whole

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18
Q

Factor analysis

A

Involves the evaluation of the correlation among variables between assemblages

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19
Q

Cluster analysis

A

Groups assemblages together based on similarities

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20
Q

Residential structures can indicat

A

marked differences in status

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21
Q

Sometimes its best to combine detailed

A

study of structure with ethnoarchaeological approaches

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22
Q

More impressive than wealth is the

A

descriptions of persons of high status

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23
Q

what are some descriptions of persons of high status

A

a. Statues
b. In-relief sculpture
Wall paintings

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24
Q

Not all societies would

A

bury people in cemeteries

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25
Q

Prime source for sites that show very little remains of a site

A

public monument

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26
Q

Many simpler socities

A

have built substantial structures. Its not just well known sites like the Pyramids

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27
Q

Techniques used when searching for social information from monuments

A

Questions about size or scale of the monument

Spatial distribution in the landscape

Clues about the status of individuals buried in the monuments

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28
Q

Thiessen Polygons

A

delineate dominant regions or service areas for point data, such as stores or hospitals

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29
Q

Used to help examine distribution in well-defined regions

A

Thiessen Polygons

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30
Q

Not all forms of society are based on

A

rank

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31
Q

Social status can be based on

A

Gender
Age
Ethnicity
Lineage

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32
Q

Heterarchy

A

Highlights the diverse array of socities that fail to fit into a hierarchical model

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33
Q

Hierarchies often encompass

A

heterarchical relationships

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34
Q

Gender is not always

A

linked with social rank

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35
Q

Two main positions of gender in archaeology

A
  1. gender and gender difference are more complex than a simple male vs female and Other axes of difference have to be recognized
  2. Gender is part of a broader social framework
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36
Q

In many societies, children are not seen as socially male or female until

A

they reach the age of puberty

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37
Q

Gender also includes aspects like

A
  1. Age
    1. Wealth
    2. Religion
      Ethnicity
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38
Q

Ethnicity

A

Existence of ethnic groups (such as tribal groups)

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39
Q

Not necessarily a ranked social status

A

Ethnicity

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40
Q

Ethnic groups are often correlated with

A

language areas

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41
Q

No need to divide the social world up into

A

named and discrete groups of people

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42
Q

what is NOT race

A

Ethnicity

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43
Q

Ethnos

A

ethnic group

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44
Q

Ethnos are an ethnic group defined as

A

a. Firm aggregate of people
b. Established on a given territory
c. Posses stable peculiarities of language and culture
d. Recognize their unity and differences from other similar foundations

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45
Q

The Celts

A

It was a term given to the barbarian tribes of northwest Europe by Classical authors

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46
Q

NOT A TRUE ETHNONYM

A

Celts

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47
Q

The scale of the area where a language can be spoken was influential

A

in determining the scale of the ethnic group that came later

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48
Q

important aspect of ethnicity

A

language

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49
Q

Lineages Two lines of approach

A

a. Examine genetic relationships at the individual level
b. Examine the long-term genetic history of the wider group

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50
Q

Haplotype

A

Indicative of a common ancestor in the male line

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51
Q

a set of DNA variants along a single chromosome that tend to be inherited together

A

haplotype

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52
Q

Population-specific polymorphism

A
  1. Genetic variation that is specific to a particular group or people
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53
Q

Haplogroup in the female line is less spatially localized in a population than the male line

A

a. Stable and long-term residence patterns would favour local genetic features in Y-chromosomes

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54
Q

mean childbirth for males and females are _____, variance is likely to favour ____ as they may be preferred to ____

A

the same and males and females

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55
Q

Haplogroup

A

clue to your maternal or paternal ancestry

56
Q

a genetic population group of people who share a common ancestor on the patriline or the matriline.

A

haplogroup

57
Q

Monuments, architecture and presence of centers inform

A

archaeologists of how past societies were organized

58
Q

Any survey will result in a map

A

the areas intensively surveyed and a catalogue of sites discovered

59
Q

Central Place Theory

A

eveloped by Walter Christaller

60
Q

Central Place Theory takes place in a

A

uniform landscape

61
Q

Central Place Theory idea

A

c. Central places of settlements (same size and nature) would be placed equidistant from each other
d. Surrounded by a constellation of secondary centers
e. The territories “controlled” by each center would form a hexagon shape

62
Q

sites are ranked by order

A

of size and then displayed as a histogram

63
Q

Normally more ____ settlements to ______

A

smaller and larger

64
Q

Histograms

A

Allows comparison to be made between the site hierarchies of different regions, different periods and different types of society

65
Q

More hierarchical the settlement pattern

A

the more hierarchical the society

66
Q

Organization of the settlement system will directly

A

reflect the organization of the society

67
Q

Prime goal is to find the _____ for written records

A

appropriate texts

68
Q

Early literate society

A

Writting had its own functions and purposes

69
Q
  1. Accidents of preservation are important
A

Some writting may be lost because of the medium that was used

70
Q
  1. An important writting source
A

Coinage

71
Q

Coinage inscriptions

A

informative about the authority of society

72
Q

Coinage itself

A

give ideas about the economic evidence of trade

73
Q

Oral traditions

A
  1. Poems or hymns or sayings handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth
74
Q

Earliest Indian religious texts

A

Hymns of Rigveda

75
Q

Epics about Trojan War by Homer

A
  1. Preserved orally for several centuries before that time
    1. Preserve a picture of the Mycenean world of the 12th or 13th century
      Remarkable insights into social organization
76
Q

Problem with oral tradition

A
  1. Demonstrate to which period is referred
    Judge how much is ancient and how much is more recent
77
Q

Ethnohistories

A

The study of cultures and indigenous peoples’ customs by examining historical records as well as other sources of information on their lives and history

78
Q

Ethnoarchaeology

A

Involves the study of both the present-day use and significance of artifacts, buildings and structures from the living societies under examination AND the way these material things get into the record

79
Q
  1. INDIRECT approach to the understanding of any past society
A

Ethnoarchaeology

80
Q

Ethnographic parallels

A

Archaeologists simply and crudely linked past socities to present ones
Stifled new though rather than promoted it

81
Q
  1. Classification of society into
A

bands
Tribes
Chiefdoms
States

82
Q

Mobile-hunter gatherer groups

A

bands

83
Q

fewer than 100 people

A

Mobile-hunter gatherer groups (bands)

84
Q

Move seasonally to exploit wild food resources

A

Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)

85
Q

Small scale societies

A

Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)

86
Q

Would not have domesticated animals

A

Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)

87
Q

b. Lack formal leader

A

Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)

88
Q

No marked economic differences between status

A

Mobile hunter-gatherer groups (bands)

89
Q

Segmentary Societies

A

(tribes)

90
Q

Rarely more than a few thousand people

A

Segmentary Societies (tribes)

91
Q
  1. Settled farmers but could be nomadic pastoralists
A

Segmentary Societies (tribes)

92
Q

Diet was made up of cultivated plants and domesticated animals

A

Segmentary Societies (tribes)

93
Q

Multi-community society

A

Segmentary Societies (tribes)

94
Q
  1. Some societies have officials and a head state or government
A

Segmentary Societies (tribes)

95
Q

Officials would lack the economic base needed for effective use of power

A

Segmentary Societies (tribes)

96
Q

Senior lineage is governed by a chief = society as a whole is governed by the chief

A

Chiefdoms

97
Q

Generally between 5 000 to 20 000 people

A

Chiefdoms

98
Q
  1. Generally have a central power
A

Chiefdoms

99
Q

Crucial is the role of chief

A

Chiefdoms

100
Q

Different lineages are graded on a scale of prestige

A

Chiefdoms

101
Q
  1. Operate through ranking differences in social status between people
A

Chiefdoms

102
Q

large population centre (more than 5000 people) with major public buildings

A

Early States

103
Q

Central capital houses a bureaucratic administration

A

Early States

104
Q

Society is seen as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants with obligation to pay taxes

A

Early States

105
Q

Society no longer depends on kin relationships

A

Early States

106
Q

The ruler has EXPLICIT power to establish laws and enforce them through the military

A

Early States

107
Q

Have many similar features to chiefdoms

A

Early States

108
Q

Problems with Service’s Model

A

The four-fold model encourages an evolutionary view of society
Words such as band and tribe are bound in colonial qualifications
More recent archaeologists strive to understand past societies in their OWN terms
As data grows - there are exceptions to these four categories

109
Q
  • network analysis
A
  1. Aspect of the mathematical field of graph theory
110
Q

ACTOR NETWORK THEORY

A
  1. Both people and things can be active in social relations
    Artifacts can be nodes in the network
111
Q

SOCIAL AWARENESS ANALYSIS

A
  1. Nodes are often individual people
  2. Interactions can be in several capacities
112
Q
  1. In graph theory
A
  1. The dots are termed “vertices or nodes”
  2. The lines between them are termed “edges or ties”
113
Q

Nodes are frequently used to represent

A

individual people

114
Q

The lines are used to indicate the

A

interactions between them

115
Q

size in archaeology is focused on

A

population density

116
Q

heuristic devices

A

teaching tools that help understand a concept better

117
Q

examples of heuristic devices

A

models and oversimplification

118
Q

models

A

can be wrong

119
Q

oversimplification

A

doing it on purpose to have easier time understanding

120
Q

are there hard rules for looking at society

A

NO

121
Q

top-down approach

A

work from the largest social unity (polity)

122
Q

bottom up approach

A

start with the individual

123
Q

cave vs open site

A

caves people go back to over and over again while open sites are not likely to have the same exact spot used

124
Q

single site approach

A
  1. identify use
  2. differ between open and cave site
125
Q

with a single approach site what is trying to be understood

A

seasonal patterns
migratory patterns
diet
tools

126
Q

2 types of settlements

A

dispersed and nucleated

127
Q

dispersed

A

houses are all over the territory and its harder to analyse

128
Q

nucleated

A

city or town have houses that are clusterd together

129
Q

agglomerated

A

all houses are very close together, sharing walls

130
Q

burial of the dead reflects

A

social connections

131
Q

status

A

something acheived through own actions

132
Q

class

A

place in society based on inhertiance

133
Q

compare what in burials

A

burial structure, grave goods and treatment of bodies TO sex, age and frequency

134
Q

value of central place theory

A

predixt size of settlement without excavating

135
Q

limitation of central place theory

A

boundaries and borders hard to distinguish

Archaeology 1000 (11 decks)

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