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Psych 1200 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

The biological process for passing on traits from generation to generation

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2
Q

Genes

A

-Basis of heredity
-Approx 20-25k
-Guide creation of proteins that make up our physical structures and regulate development and physiological processes
-Made of segments of DNA

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3
Q

Cell Breakdown

A

Cell-Nucleus-Chromosome-Genes-DNA

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4
Q

Chromosomes

A

-Structure in cell nucleus lined with genes someone inherits
-Humans have 23 pairs
-Same genes are found on both chromosomes inherited from mother and father

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5
Q

Genotype

A

-Genetic makeup of an organism
-Unique set of genes for individual’s genetic code

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

-Physical traits and behavioural characteristics expressed
-Shows genetic variation

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7
Q

Behavioural Genomics

A

-Study of DNA and how specific genes are related to behaviour

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8
Q

Human Genome Project

A

-Coordinated effort to identify and map the entire human genome (2003)
-Approx. 22 300 genes identified
-Allows us to link genotypes to behaviours

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9
Q

Behavioural Genetics

A

-How genes and environment influence behaviour

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10
Q

Twin Studies

A

-Monozygotic twins (100% genetically identical)
>Differences show weaker links between genes and behaviour
-Dizygotic
>Have similar environment
-Genetic related individuals tend to be more similar if trait is mostly genetically determined

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11
Q

Heritability

A

-How much do the genetic differences contribute to behaviour differences or traits within a population
-Tells us how genes explain the difference in the expression of a trait within a population; not how genes contribute to the trait itself
Ex. Having eyes-0 Eye Colour-0.80

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12
Q

Genetic and Environmental Influences Both Account For Differences In Behavior

A

Nature vs. Nurture : Genes versus environment

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13
Q

Adoption Studies

A

If children resemble adoptive parents ->environment
If children resemble biological parents
->genetic

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14
Q

Genes are Either

A

-Active(expressed) : Contribute to the production of proteins
-Inactive

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15
Q

Gene Expression/Activation

A

-Influenced by genetics, environmental factors
-Lifelong process

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16
Q

Epigenetics

A

-How experiences cause changes in gene expression without altering genetic code

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17
Q

Biopsychosocial Model

A

Behaviour—Environment—Genes

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18
Q

Altering Genes and Gene Expression

A

-CRISPR-Cas9
>Technique that allows genetic material to be removed, added or altered in target areas in the genome

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19
Q

Natural Selection

A

-Favourable traits becoming more common in interbreeding population, while less favourable traits become less common

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20
Q

Evolution

A

-Change in frequency of genes occurring in interbreeding population over generations
-Not continuous
-Never done (new environmental pressures)

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21
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

-Attempts to explain human behaviours based on beneficial functions they may have had in our species’ development
-planning
-problem solving
-direct attentional focus
-communication (symbolic representation)

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22
Q

Nervous System

A

-A system of nerves
-The part of the body involved in coordination of behaviour
-in invertebrates the nervous consists of
>CNS : Central Nervous System-brain and spinal cord
>PNS : Peripheral Nervous System- nervous connections throughout the body

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23
Q

Neurons

A

-Type of cell in nervous system
-Responsible for sending messages throughout the body

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24
Q

Structure of Neuron

A

Soma(Cell Body): Contains nucleus with genetic material
Dendrites: Small branches attached to soma that receive other cells’ messages
Axon: Transports info in form of electrochemical reactions from cell body
Axon Terminals: Bulb like extensions at axon end. Filled with vesicles containing neurotransmitters

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25
Q

Neural Communication

A

-Message circles back to initial neuron
-Feedback tells initial neuron to stop sending messages

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26
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Sensory Information-> Brain (Afferent)

27
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Brain->Muscles (Afferent)

28
Q

Interneurons

A

-Communication between neurons (efferent)
-Important for reflexes : sensory -> muscle

29
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Formation of new neurons

30
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Process by which brain changes and rewires itself based on experience
(Certain neural networks will ‘fortify’ while some will be forgotten)

31
Q

Resting State(Resting Potential)

A

-Relatively stable state with no message transmission
-Higher concentration of positive ions outside neuron
-Negative ‘net charge’ inside the neuron

32
Q

Ions like to be disturbed

A

-High to low concentration

33
Q

Ion Channels

A

Small pores on neuron’s cell membrane, allows ions to pass through

34
Q

When Stimulated

A

-Ion channels open
-Positive ions flow in (Negative charge -> positive charge)
-If positive charge reaches firing threshold, creates an action potential

35
Q

Action Potential

A

Wave of electrical activity starting at start of axon (near soma) and rapidly travelling down the length of axon

36
Q

After the Action Potential

A

-Ion channels close, allowing return to rest state
-Ion pumps get rid of positive ions
-Cell is hyperpolarized (extra negative)
-Refractory period where neuron can’t fire until returning to original resting potential

37
Q

When Action Potential Reaches Axon Terminal…

A

Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse

38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

-Chemicals that function as messengers
-Allows neurons to communicate
-Stored in axon terminal vesicles

39
Q

Synapse

A

-Area with presynaptic neuron axon terminals and post synaptic dendrites
-Separated by tiny space called synaptic cleft

40
Q

Neurotransmitters From Presynaptic Neuron Influence Charge of Post Synaptic Neuron

A

-Excitatory: Increase positive charge >Increase likelihood for action potential
-Inhibitory: Decrease positive charge
>Decrease likelihood for action potential

41
Q

Lock and Key Model

A

-Each neurotransmitter fits into a particular ‘post synaptic receptor’

42
Q

Neurotransmitters are Released Back Into Synapse Where They Are

A

> Broken down by enzymes
Reuptaken: Reabsorbed into axon terminals of presynaptic neuron

43
Q

Nervous System

A

CNS—Brain, Spinal Cord
PNS—ANS: Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
SNS

44
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-Transmits signals between the brain and rest of body
-Divided into 2 subcomponents
(Somatic, Autonomic)

45
Q

Somatic System

A

-Nerves that control skeletal muscles, responsible for voluntary and reflexive movements
-Nerves that receive sensory input from body

46
Q

Autonomic System

A

-Unconscious control of glands and bodily organs
>Sympathetic nervous system: Prepare body for action (flight or fight)
>Parasympathetic nervous system:
Maintain homeostasis, return to ground state

47
Q

Two Hemispheres

A

Left and right brain

48
Q

Hind Brain

A

Survival: Structures critical for basic life sustaining processes
Brain Stem:
>Medulla-Regulation of breathing,heart rate, etc (minimal conscious control)
>Pons-Wakefulness
Cerebellum: “Little Brain”
>Coordination and timing of movement, maintaining balance, attention and emotional responses
(fluid smooth movement)

49
Q

Mid Brain: Sensation and Action

A

-Relay station between sensory and motor areas
-Superior Colliculus -> Orienting visual attention
-Inferior Colliculus -> Orienting auditory attention
Guiding, not processing

50
Q

Forebrain: Everything above the midbrain

A

Interconnected structures critical to processing emotion, memory, thinking, and reasoning
Basal Ganglia:
Planned movements
Skilled learning
Integrating sensory and motor info with reward/pleasure system
Implicated in mood disorders

Amygdala:
Facilitates memory formation for emotional events
Mediates fear responses
Recognizing and interpreting emotional stimuli

Hippocampus:
Learning and formation of new memories

Hypothalamus:
Homeostasis (tempt,hunger,thirst,sex)

Thalamus:
Relays incoming sensory information to different brain regions

51
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

-Wrinkled outer layer of the brain (wrinkles = more surface area)
-Involved in ‘higher functions’ such as thought, language and personality
-Consists mostly of cell bodies and dendrites (grey matter)
-These neurons’ axons spread to different brain region (white matter)

52
Q

The Cerebral Cortex (Four Lobes)

A

Occipital Lobes: Visual information
Parietal Lobes: Touch, bodily awareness, spatial awareness, attention
>Somatosensory cortex
Temporal Lobes: Hearing/language, memory, visual object recognition
Frontal: Higher cognitive function
-Primary motor cortex (voluntary movement)
-Prefrontal cortex (planning, decision making, attention, regulating impulses and emotions, language production)

53
Q

Lesioning

A

-Intentional damaging to an area in the brain
-Allows researchers to isolate brain structures, lesion them, and then study resulting behaviour

54
Q

Morris Water Maze

A

Used to measure spatial learning and navigation in rats
>Suggests hippocampus is important for this

55
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

-Application of electromagnetic pulse to targeted region of the brain
-Pulse typically disrupts the natural brain activity at that region (disrupts flow of ions around the neuron)
-Induces a ‘temporary lesion’
-Can also be used to stimulate the targeted brain region (by applying a weaker pulse) and increase activity at the location

56
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT Scan)

A

-X-rays are sent through the brain by a tube that rotates around the head
-Images show differences in tissue density (eg. grey matter vs. white matter vs. ventricles)
-Pictures taken at different positions reconstructed to create 3D images

57
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

-A strong magnetic field causes protons in hydrogen atoms to spin in the same direction (alignment)
-A radio wave pulse is sent through the brain, knocking the atoms out of alignment
-When the radio wave is turned off, the atoms return to alignment, releasing the energy absorbed by the pulse
-Grey matter, white matter and fluid all release energy at different rates (which are measured)

58
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

A

Measures white matter pathways (axons) in the brain

59
Q

Functional Neuroimaging

A

-A type of brain scanning that provides information about activity in the brain during a particular behaviour, or in response to a stimuli
-Potential trade-off between:
>Temporal resolution (how small/accurate a time period can be measured)
>Spatial resolution (how clear the image of the brain is)

60
Q

Electroencephalogram(EEG)

A

-Measures patterns of brain activity (neuronal firing) using multiple electrodes attached to the scalp
-Measure Brain activity every millisecond (excellent temporal resolution)
-Limited spatial resolution, less effective at locating region of brain activity

61
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

-Measures tiny magnetic fields created by the electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain
-Also measures brain activity every millisecond (excellent temporal resolution)
-Slightly better at localizing brain activity, but still not great spatial resolution

62
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

-Radioactive substance is injected into the blood and its travel to regions of the brain engaged in a particular task are measured
-Increased blood flow (carrying oxygen) to brain regions that are more active -> Higher radioactivity will be measured in brain regions that are more active
-‘Radiotracers’ allow the measurement of certain neurotransmitter receptors
-Good spatial resolution, bad temporal resolution (>2 minutes)

63
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

-Measures the amount of oxygen-rich blood flow into active brain regions
-This is called the BOLD (Blood, oxygen, level, dependent) response
-Not great temporal resolution (approx 2s)
oxygenated blood has different magnetic properties than deoxygenated blood

Psych 1200 (16 decks)

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