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Pharmacology > DRUG ADMINISTRATION & ABSORPTION > Flashcards

DRUG ADMINISTRATION & ABSORPTION Flashcards

1
Q

Wh at are the 4 main processes of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination/excretion

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2
Q

What are the 3 routes of drug administration?

A

Topical, parenteral, enteral

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3
Q

Examples of topicals:

A
  • skin
    -inhalers
    -eye and ear drops
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4
Q

Examples of enteral:

A

-oral
-rectal

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5
Q

Examples of parenteral:

A

-intravenous (in the vein, quicker, bypasses absorption)
-subcutaneous (under the skin)
-intramuscular (into muscle)
-transdermal (through skin)
-intrathecal( into spine)
-sublingual (under tongue)

Medication goes straight into the bloodstream

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6
Q

Process of oral drug administration:

A

Stomach, portal vein, liver, systemic circulation, target tissue, target cell

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7
Q

What is drug absorption?

A

Movement of a drug from its site of administration body across membranes, and circulating fluids (bloodstream).

Drugs must first dissolve (seperate from the excipient) in stomach and/or intestinal fluids which are largely composed of water

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8
Q

What must happen for a drug to dissolve?

A

MUST be in water!!!

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9
Q

What must happen for a drug to get in the bloodstream?

A

MUST dissolve in lipids (fat)!!!

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10
Q

All drugs must be ________, although they can be ________ IF they are taken with food.

A
  1. SOLUBLE
  2. NON-SOLUBLE
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11
Q

What do biological fluids consist mainly of?

A

Water, polar environment

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12
Q

Orally administered drugs are bound to excipients that add bulk to the tablet, but also can:

A
  • enhance the rate of dissolution
  • slow the rate of dissolution
  • alter hepatic enzymes (first pass effect)
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13
Q

A drug cannot be absorbed until it is:

A

Free of excipients, it must be dissolved first

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14
Q

If a drug is water soluble (polar), can it be administered IV ?

A

YES

  • since IV administration skips the process of absorption, a fast onset of action is expected
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15
Q

What is passive diffusion?

A
  • most common mechanism
  • movement is dictated by the concentration gradient
  • move from a high to low concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached
  • drugs must be small in size an lipid soluble to pass through biological membrane via diffusion
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16
Q

What is carrier-mediated transport?

A
  • this process requires energy
  • drugs can move against the concentration gradient
  • drugs that are large in size and highly water soluble must be actively transported across biological membrane in order to reach their target site
17
Q

Stomach:

A
  • distensible, we’ll vascularized area
  • stomach fluids are highly acidic (pH of 2)
  • contains powerful hydrolytic enzymes
18
Q

Small Intestines:

A
  • Highly vascularized area
  • greater SA than the stomach
  • highly basic (pH=8)
19
Q

Acids:

A
  • compound that ionizes in water to produce a protein
  • most acidic drugs used in pharm are weak acids
  • when dissolved in water these drugs dissociate into a negatively charged anion and proton

AH is the neutral or non polar form of the drug (can be absorbed)

20
Q

Bases:

A
  • a compound that accepts (protons) in water
  • most basic drugs used in pharm are weak bases
  • when dissolved in water these drugs associate with a proton an becomes positively charged

B is the neutral or non polar form of the drug (can be absorbed)

21
Q

In acidic environments, are weakly acidic drugs non polar or polar?

A

Remain in their non polar form

22
Q

In basic environments, are weakly acidic drugs polar or non polar?

A

They become polar

23
Q

What happens when the pH of a solution decreases?

A

Becomes more acidic, the concentration of the AH increases

24
Q

Absorption of weakly acidic drug in the stomach:

A

Weakly acidic drug is absorbed
- passes through biological membrane an into plasma

25
Q

Absorption of a weakly acidic drug in the small intestine:

A

Weakly acidic drug is NOT absorbed
- can’t pass through plasma membrane

26
Q

Absorption of weakly basic drug in the stomach:

A

Weakly basic drugs are poorly absorbed in the stomach
- stomach is highly acidic (pH=2)

27
Q

Absorption of weakly basic drug in the small intestines:

A

Weakly basic drugs are absorbed in the intestine
- intestines are basic (pH=8)

28
Q

Weakly acidic drugs

A
  • exist in non polar, non ionized form in the STOMACH
  • exist in a polar, ionized form in the INTESTINES
  • absorbed in the stomach
29
Q

Weakly basic drugs

A
  • exist in a polar, ionized form in the STOMACH
  • exist in a non polar, non ionized form in the INTESTINES
  • absorbed in the intestines

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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