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botany > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dodder

A

-parasitic plant with pale stems and piglike haustoria

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2
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit

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3
Q

commensalism

A

1 benefits, other is unharmed

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4
Q

parasitism

A

-1 is benefited, other is harmed

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5
Q

mycorrhizae

A

-fungi that is grown in association to roots
-fungus gets sugars from host and plant gets additional water and nutrients
-85-90% of plants have this association

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6
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A

remain outside of plant cells

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7
Q

endomycorrhizae

A

-more common
-grow inside plant cells

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8
Q

rhizobium

A

-bacteria that grow in association with roots of pea plants
-help with nitrogen fixation

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9
Q

human relevance of roots

A

spices, dyes, insecticides, drugs

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10
Q

cuticle

A

-made of cutin
-in upper epidermis of leaf
-prevents water loss and bacterial infection

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11
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

-site of photosynthesis
-tall columnar cells

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12
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

-photosynthesis, air spaces between cells

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13
Q

lower epidermis

A

-guard cells that form stomates
-allows diffusion of co2 into leaf and o2 out of leaf

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14
Q

bulliform cells

A

-in grasses, influence leaf expansion

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15
Q

sun leaves

A

-multiple palisade cell levels
-thicker leaf
-more photosynthetic material

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16
Q

shade leaves

A

-thinner
-fewer palisade cells and spongy mesophyll

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17
Q

compass plant

A

-leaves are oriented to east and west and are perpendicular to ground (not directly hit by sunlight)

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18
Q

barberry spines

A

modified leaves

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19
Q

flower pot leaf

A

opened up and has roots inside

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20
Q

floral leaves

A

-brachts
-colorful to attract pollinators to non-ornamental flowers

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21
Q

carnivorous plants

A

-most environments with acidic ph soil with low nutrient content

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22
Q

types of pigments

A

-carotenoids: yellow
-anthocyanin: red
-chlorophyll: green

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23
Q

carotenoids

A

carotene and xanthophyll

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24
Q

what happens during fall to chlorophyll

A

chlorophyll breaks down and plant stores mg from it
-this exposes carotenoids

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25
Q

abscission

A

process by which leaves are shed in fall by deciduous trees

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26
Q

human use of leaves

A

-mint, shade, food, dyes, fibers, medicine, tea

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27
Q

why do plants need water

A

-young cells can be 90% water
-enzymatic processes and other chemical reactions
-photosynthesis
-mesophyll cell surfaces must be moist for co2 to diffuse into cell
-cell turgor

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28
Q

osmotic potential of a solution

A

-a measure of the potential of water to move from one cell to another as influenced by solute concentration
-turgor pressure (pressure potential): pressure of cell contents against cell wall as a result of water entering vacuole

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29
Q

water potential

A

=osmotic potential + pressure potential

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30
Q

transpiration

A

-water enters air by way of leaf by transportation
-90% of water entering plant passes through and evaporates
-only 5% is lost through cuticle

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31
Q

pathway of water through plant

A

soil
root
xylem in root
xylem in stem
leaf (water used in mesophyll for photo.)

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32
Q

cohesion

A

-water flows from less negative to more negative potentials
-or from higher water potential to lower water potential

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33
Q

guard cells and stomate in transpiration

A

-change in turgor pressure when exposed to changes in light, co2, and water conc.

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34
Q

active transport of k+

A

-k+ pumped into vacuole while guard cells photosynthesize
-atp produced via respiration of sugars
-k+ leaves cell when guard cells stop photosynthesizing

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35
Q

stomate response to water stress

A

-close when water stress occurs
-abscisic acid is produced in leaves subject to water stress causing membrane leakages from cells
-k+ ions leave guard cells, water follows and cells deflate

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36
Q

cactus

A

-store co2 in organic acids
-co2 enters stomates at night
-co2 is released in cells to allow photosynthesis during day

37
Q

guttation

A

-loss of water in liquid form from within plant through hydathodes at tips of veins in some herbaceous plants
-minerals cause water to flow into xylem

38
Q

pressure flow hypothesis

A

-explanation for how dissolved sugars move between locations in plants
-aphids used to study translocation of food substances in solution by phloem
-source: leaf

39
Q

destination of sugars (sink)

A

-photosynthesis in leaf (pumped by active transport into sieve tube members by osmosis)
-h2o from xylem passes into sieve tubes, creates turgor pressure
-sugars removed at sink by active transport
-h2o flows from sieve tubes back to xylem

40
Q

macronutrients

A

CHNOPS

41
Q

micronutrients

A

Zn
B
Mn
Cu

42
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions that take place in organism and support life

43
Q

anabolism

A

-enzymes help form chemical bonds and build molecules
-building larger molecules

44
Q

catabolism

A

-enzymes help break chemical bonds and break down molecules
-breaking larger molecules into smaller ones
-photosynthesis

45
Q

ROYGBIV

A

R: longer wavelength, lower energy
V: short wavelength, higher energy

46
Q

C3

A

-photosynthetic pathway with higher temps leading to decrease in photosynthesis

47
Q

C4

A

photosynthesis more at higher light intensity and increase in temp doesn’t affect photosynthetic rate
-tropical plants

48
Q

cam

A

-ex. cactus

49
Q

when is new chlorophyll produced

A

-throughout growing season

50
Q

light dependent reactions

A

-energy in sunlight is captured and converted to energy of chemical bonds
-produces: atp, nadph, o2
-occurs in thylakoid

51
Q

light independent reaction

A

-co2 chemically reduced and carbohydrate is formed
-Calvin cycle
-product: carbohydrate
-occurs in stroma

52
Q

engelmanns experiment

A

-algae exposed to light
-bacteria attracted to o2 producing cells
-most effective light present in purple/blue and red/orange

53
Q

chlorophyll a

A

-blue-green
-more abundant

54
Q

chlorophyll b

A

yellow-green
-transfers energy to chlorophyll a

55
Q

chemiosmosis

A

-describes how e- boosted to higher energy levels in ps1 and ps2 lead to production of atp and nadph

56
Q

Calvin cycle

A

-enzyme called rubisco (most abundant enzyme on earth)
-occurs in stromas of chloroplasts

57
Q

g3p

A

-glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
-2 makes a glucose
-can be used in many synthesis pathways including:
fatty acid, amino acid, glucose phosphate

58
Q

cell respiration

A

-aerobic
-4 phases: glycolysis, prep run, cac, etc

59
Q

glycolysis

A

-occurs in cytoplasm
-splitting glucose into 2 3c molecules
-net 2 atp, 2 nadh

60
Q

preparatory reactions

A

-occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-2 nadh

61
Q

citric acid cycle

A

-occurs in mitochondrial matrix
-2 atp, 6 nadh, 2 fadh2

62
Q

etc

A

-occurs in crustal of mito.
-34 atp

63
Q

fermentaion

A

-bacteria, fungi, animals
-lactic acid (bacteria and muscles in humans)
-ethyl alcohol (yeast)

64
Q

primary metabolic pathways

A

associated with energy

65
Q

secondary metabolic pathways

A

-metabolic processes not needed for normal growth and development
-chemicals found in plants that play role in primary pathways
-secondary compounds associated with resistance to herbivores and bacteria

66
Q

alkaloids

A

-compounds produced in small quantities but are toxic
-codein, nicotine, quinine (malaria treatment)

67
Q

phenolics

A

-lignin (woody plants), salicin (aspirin precursor in willows), thc

68
Q

terpenoids

A

-camphor (disinfectants, medicinal oils), menthol, rubber

69
Q

assimilation

A

-conversion of sugars to lipids, proteins, or other carbs (sucrose, starch, cellulose)

70
Q

digestion

A

-conversion of starch and other insoluble carbs to soluble forms (through hydrolysis)
-ex. endosperm starch grains being digested to provide simple sugars to developing embryo

71
Q

gravity

A

-shoots grow up (against gravity), roots grow down

72
Q

growth

A

irreversible increase in mass due to division and enlargement of cells

73
Q

development

A

-coordination of growth and differentiation of a single cell into multicellular tissues and organs

74
Q

differentiation

A

-as cells enlarge, cells develop different forms adapted to specific functions

75
Q

what can influence development

A

genes, internal signals, external environmental conditions

76
Q

nutrients

A

furnish elements and energy for plant growth and maintenance

77
Q

vitamins

A

-play an important role in reactions catalyzed by enzymes
-vitamins are coenzymes or parts of coenzymes
-needed in small quantities (most made by plants)

78
Q

hormones

A

organic substances that influence many developmental processes

79
Q

plant hormones

A

-act by binding to specific receptor molecules
-once bound, they trigger a series of biochemical reactions (called signal transduction)

80
Q

main plant hormone types

A

auxin
gibberellins
ethylene (2 c chain)
cytokinins
abscisic acid
-rest ring compounds

81
Q

cell signaling

A

signal to receptor followed by cell response

82
Q

went’s experiment with coleoptiles

A

-coleoptile tip onto agar and agar onto decapitated coleoptile
-auxin: influenced bending of coleoptile
-coleoptile: sheath covering shoot tip of embryonic leaves of monocots

83
Q

auxins

A

-made in apical meristem (actively growing parts)
-stimulates cell enlargement
-can trigger production of other hormones and influence root initiation and stem growth
-movement is polar (away from source) and requires atp

84
Q

bioassay of auxin

A

angle of curvature is measured and compared to curvature caused by known concentration of auxin

85
Q

indole acetic acid used for…

A

-rooting of cuttings
-flowering and fruit set
-fruit retention
-weed control

86
Q

gibberellins can affect…

A

-flowering
-stem length (not conifers)
-bud and seed dormancy
-movement is not polar and is through xylem and phloem

87
Q

cytokinins

A

-stimulate cell division (promotes g2 to mitosis progression with presence of auxin)
-role in enlarging cells, delay of aging in leaves
-synthesized in root tips and germinating seeds

88
Q

abscisic acid

A

-growth inhibiting hormone
-synthesized in plastids
-inhibits growth promoting effects of other growth promoting hormones
-once thought to play role in abscission
-prevents germination of seeds in fruit

89
Q

ethylene

A

-ripening of fruits can be accelerated
-ethylene production increases if fruits are bruised
-pea seedlings growing in soil produce this if they encounter interference
-promotes abscission of leaves

botany (10 decks)

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