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bio 111 > Mitosis > Flashcards

Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What divides via binary fission?

A

Prokaryotes
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

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2
Q

What divides via mitosis?

A

Somatic/body cell eukaryotes

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3
Q

What divides via meiosis?

A

Gamate/germs/sexual cells eukaryotes

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4
Q

What shape chromosome do prokaryotes have in binary fission?

A

Circular

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5
Q

DNA polymerase is used in?

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

What occurs in binary fission?

A

New chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell.
Septum forms to divide cells

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7
Q

DNA + proteins

A

Chromatin

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8
Q

What is DNA wrapped around and why?

A

Histone to keep DNA organized

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9
Q

DNA and histone structure?

A

Eight histone proteins spaced 200 nucleotides apart

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10
Q

DNA that is not expressed/transcribed. Does not code for proteins

A

Heterochromatin

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11
Q

DNA that is expressed/transcribed. Codes for proteins or genes

A

Euchromatin 

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12
Q

Similar genes/alleles how long to DNA molecules

A

Homologous pair

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13
Q

Mitosis process

A

All chromosomes are replicated. Single division creates to 2N cells from 1 2N cell

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14
Q

What cells do not perform mitosis?

A

Gametes and red blood cells

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15
Q

Shows 22 pairs of homologous chromosomes, one X, one Y condensed during mitosis

A

Karyotype

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16
Q

5 phases of cell cycle

A

G1
S
G2
M
C

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17
Q

What 3 phases are included in interphase?

A

G1- Cell growth
S- DNA replication
G2- Chromosomes condense and organelles develop

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18
Q

What find sister chromatids together

A

Cohesion proteins

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19
Q

What activates proteins that illuminates the cohesion to separate sister chromatids?

A

Anaphase promoting

20
Q

What region do the sister chromatids share?

A

Centromere

21
Q

 Connect centromere to microtubules

A

 Kinetochore proteins

22
Q

Where are microtubules organized?

A

Centrioles at each pole of cell

23
Q

5 phases of mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase/ Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis 

24
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Centrioles move to each pole
Spindle apparatus assembles (microtubules)
Nuclear envelope dissolves

25
Q

Prometaphase

A

Chromosomes attached to spindle apparatus by kinetochores
Second set of microtubules formed from centrioles to kinetochores
Microtubule begin to pull each chromosome toward center of cell

26
Q

Metaphase

A

Microtubules pull chromosomes to align them at center of cell
 sister chromatids lineup with centromere‘s on metaphase plate/equator

27
Q

Anaphase

A

Remove cohesion using anaphase promoting complex to allow chromatids to separate
Microtubules contract pulling sister chromatids towards poles

28
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle apparatus disassembles
Nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids
Chromosomes begin uncoiling
Nucleolus reappears around each nucleus

29
Q

What is the term for the shape of the spindle apparatus?

A

Aster

30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cleavage of cell membranes into halves

31
Q

What is responsible for cytokinesis in animals?

A

Actin filaments

32
Q

What is responsible for cytokinesis in plants?

A

Cell plate

33
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in fungi/Protists?

A

Division of nucleolus

34
Q

Proteins produced during cell cycle

A

Cyclines

35
Q

Enzymes that drive cell cycle. Activate via phosphorylation when cyclin bonds.

A

Cycling dependent kinases

36
Q

Three checkpoints

A

1) G1/S
2) G2/M 
3) Late metaphase/spindle

37
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

Cell decides to divide. G1 cyclin + Gcd2 = G1/s Cdk

38
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

Cell commits to mitosis

39
Q

Late metaphase/spindle checkpoint

A

Cell ensures chromosomes are attached to spindle before to dividing. Anaphase promoting complex proteins that remove cohesion between chromatids.

40
Q

Trigger intracellular signals that inhibit cell division

A

Growth factors

41
Q

How is cancer cause?

A

Cell cycle loses control leading to unregulated, excess cell division

42
Q

What is an example of a growth factor?

A

Platelet derived growth factor (heal wound)

43
Q

Prevent division of mutated cells

A

Tumor suppressor genes

44
Q

Code for growth factor or signal transduction proteins. Promote normal cell division.

A

Proto oncogenes

45
Q

Proto oncogene mutation leads to?

A

Mutated proto oncogene create oncogenes which caused excess cell division
Cause cancer when introduced to a new cell

46
Q

How do you tell the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

During metaphase
mitosis- diploid number of chromosomes 
meiosis- haploid number of chromosomes

bio 111 (8 decks)

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