CHAPTER 8 BOOK VOCAB

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

Question 2

instinct theories

Answer 2

view that certain human behaviors are innate and die to evolutionary programming

Question 3

drive theories

Answer 3

view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

Question 4

homeostasis

Answer 4

idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states - such as energy supplies at constant levels

Question 5

drive

Answer 5

need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis

Question 6

incentive theories

Answer 6

view that behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals
-example: rewards

Question 7

arousal theory

Answer 7

view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal
-not too high or too low

Question 8

sensation seeking

Answer 8

degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities

Question 9

humanistic theories of motivation

Answer 9

view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors in motivation - especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential

Question 10

hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

Maslow’s levels of motivation that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs

Question 11

need to belong

Answer 11

drive to form and maintain lasting positive relationships that are characterized by mutual concern and caring

Question 12

self-determination theory

Answer 12

Deci and Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied

Question 13

intrinsic motivation

Answer 13

desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging

Question 14

extrinsic motivation

Answer 14

external factors or influences on behavior such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations

Question 15

achievement motivation

Answer 15

desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others in a task

Question 16

leptin

Answer 16

hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior

Question 17

set point theory

Answer 17

theory that humans and other animals have a natural weight (set point weight) that the body maintains

Question 18

body mass index (BMI)

Answer 18

numerical measure of body fat and weight status based on height and weight

Question 19

obesity

Answer 19

condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30

Question 20

emotion

Answer 20

complex psychological state that involved three distinct but related components
-cognitive experience
-physiological response
-behavioral or expressive response

Question 21

basic emotions

Answer 21

most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and culturally universal

Question 22

interpersonal engagement

Answer 22

emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or people

Question 23

display rules

Answer 23

social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression especially facial expression

Question 24

amygdala

Answer 24

almond shaped cluster of neurons at the base of the temporal lobe

Question 25

james-lange theory of emotion

Answer 25

theory that emotions arise from the perception of body changes

Question 26

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 26

view that expressing a specific emotions, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion

Question 27

two- factor theory

Answer 27

Schachter and Singer’s theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apple to explain the arousal

Question 28

appraisal theory of emotion

Answer 28

theory that emotional responses are triggered by a cognitive evaluation

Question 29

self efficacy

Answer 29

degree to which people are convinced of their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation