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B = Biological Molecules & Cells = > ATP and Water > Flashcards

ATP and Water Flashcards

1
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

What is ATP?

A

A molecule made of a ribose sugar, an adenine base and 3 phosphate groups.

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3
Q

Draw the structure of an ATP molecule.

A

From left to right…

Rectangle —>
Adenine base

Pentagon (pentose) —>
Ribose sugar

3 Circles —>
Phosphates

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4
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

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5
Q

What is ADP?

A

A molecule made of a ribose sugar, an adenine base and 2 phosphate groups.

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6
Q

What is the reaction involving ATP and ADP?

A

ATP + H2O ⇌ ADP + Pi

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7
Q

What are the enzymes involved? Name the exo and endo directions.

A

ATP hydrolase (forward reaction exothermic)

and

ATP synthase (backward reaction endothermic)

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8
Q

What is Pi?

A

Inorganic phosphate group that is produced.

P = phosphorus
i = Inorganic

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9
Q

What does ATP hydrolysis do?

A

Releases energy.

The energy produced is used to drive an energy-requiring reaction.

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10
Q

What processes use the energy released from ATP?

A

Active transport
Cell division
Muscle contraction
Heat
Synthesis of organic molecules
Secretory activities (glands producing hormones)

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11
Q

What is organic and inorganic?

A

Organic =
Molecule containing carbon

Inorganic =
Molecule not containing carbon.

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12
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy.

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13
Q

Give examples of an exergonic reaction.

A

ATP hydrolysis

Respiration

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14
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that requires energy.

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15
Q

Give examples of an endergonic reaction.

A

Photosynthesis

Protein synthesis

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16
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

1~ ATP hydrolysis is exergonic, so there’s a release of free energy.
2~ Enzymes help couple the energy to endergonic reactions (which absorbs energy)
3~ The molecules in the endergonic reaction are PHOSPHORYLATED and is more reactive than before.
4~ Molecules join together to form product, and Pi is produced (phosphate is removed).
5~ ATP is resynthesised as Pi joins to and ADP to form ATP.

17
Q

What are the advantages of hydrolysing ATP instead of glucose directly?

A

+ Energy is released very rapidly - only single bond broken, whereas in glucose a number of bonds are broken (which takes more time) - energetically more favourable.

+ Provides energy in small and usable amounts - glucose releases too much energy.

18
Q

What are the features of ATP?

A

A = amount of energy released is SMALL - can be coupled to energy-requiring reactions (endergonic) which don’t need too much energy - less energy wasted as heat.

T = ta da! Energy is released in a SINGLE reaction - very rapid, less time-consuming.

P = Pi (inorganic phosphate) released during ATP hydrolysis can be used to phosphorylate substances to make them MORE REACTIVE.

= Soluble =
Small & soluble so it can be easily transported around the cell.

= Cannot diffuse =
Can’t diffuse out of cell, meaning the cell will not run out of energy.

19
Q

What does phosphorylation mean?

A

When a molecule gains a phosphate group.

20
Q

What happens to the ‘Pi’ that’s released?

A

= Phosphorylation =
Joins to molecules to make them more reactive.

= DNA & RNA =
In the phosphate-sugar backbone of DNA & RNA.

= In Phospholipids =
Make up phospholipids.

21
Q

What is the name of the reaction where ADP is produced?

A

Hydrolysis

ATP hydrolysis

22
Q

What is the name of the reaction where ATP is produced?

A

Condensation

ATP synthesis

23
Q

What is the formula for a phosphate ion?

A

PO₄³⁻

24
Q

What is the water potential of pure water?

A

0

25
Q

Water moves by…

A

diffusion & osmosis.

26
Q

Which substances, out of glucose, glycogen, starch and cellulose can dissolve in water?

A

Glucose can dissolve in water.

Cellulose, starch and glycogen cannot dissolve in water.

27
Q

What happens to the water potential if something dissolves in water?

A

It decreases to the negatives.

0 is the maximum it can go.

28
Q

Why do water and oil not interact with each other?

A

Water is polar, and oil is non-polar, so they cannot form hydrogen bonds.

29
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

Will not mix/interact with water.

30
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

Will mix/interact with water.

31
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

Strong cohesion =
H₂O has strong cohesion between water molecules due to H bonding - produces surface tension for small aquatic animals
Strong cohesion also supports columns of water in the transport cells of plants.

Metabolite =
H₂O is a metabolite in many metabolic reactions, including condensation & hydrolysis.

Solvent =
So metabolic reactions occur AND allows transport of substances.

High specific heat capacity =
So good at buffering changes in temperature.

High latent heat of vaporisation =
Provides a cooling effect through evaporation.

32
Q

What is a metabolite?

A

A product or reactant involved in metabolism.

33
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within living organisms.

34
Q

What reactions use water as a metabolite?

A

Condensation / Hydrolysis

Photosynthesis / Respiration

35
Q

Give 5 properties of water that are important in biology. Explain the importance of each property you identify. [4 marks]

A

1 = A metabolite IN condensation/hydrolysis/photosynthesis/respiration.

2 = A solvent SO metabolic reactions can occur and allows transport of substances.

3 = High specific heat capacity SO buffers changes in temperature.

4= Large latent heat of vaporisation SO provides a cooling effect (through evaporation).

5= Strong cohesion (between water molecules) SO provides surface tension supporting (small) organisms.

6 = Strong cohesion SO supports column of water (in plants)

36
Q

Why is solid ice less dense than liquid water?

A

As water freezes, molecules have less energy - no longer break their H bonds - become locked into a lattice structure - H bonds keep molecules further apart - making it less dense.

37
Q

What are the properties of ice?

A

Insulator =
Ability of ice to float means it acts as an insulator - prevents water below from freezing and allowing life to exist below the surface and preserves habitats.

B = Biological Molecules & Cells = (26 decks)

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