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245 Dental Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Pharmacology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the cardiovascular system is most likely to fail?

A

Blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the main action of cardiovascular disease?

A
  • As the demand for O2 increases, the heart and BV compensate
  • Cardiac force/rate increase to pump larger V under high pressure
  • BV contract or dilate to direct blood flow to the areas requiring more O2
  • CV syst. fails when heart/lungs fail to provide sufficient O2
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3
Q

What cardiac deficit leads to organ failure?

A

The demand for O2 goes up with age but supply goes down

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4
Q

What are different types of cardiovascular disease?

A

Hypertension
Coronary artery disease
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Congestive heart failure

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5
Q

What is conundrum #1 for patients with CV diseases?

A
  • Patients w/ CV disease are at higher risk for medical complications due to the nature of the disease and meds
  • Pt.s w/ perio may be at higher risk for thromboembolic events
  • BUT If we don’t treat, their disease gets worse
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6
Q

What is conundrum #2?

A

Pts with CV have reduced functional reserve or ability to withstand stressful situations, including dental treatment

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7
Q

What is conundrum #3?

A

Benefits of using epi must outweigh the associated CV risk

Risk–> tachycardia w/ epi

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8
Q

What is conundrum #4?

A

The benefits of continued anti-thromboembolic therapy must be weighed against the associated risk of bleeding during treatment

If you tell a pt. to stop taking their blood thinners leading up to an appointment and they get sick or throw a clot, it is your fault. Consulting a physician is not a legal defense

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9
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Where the V of blood in the CV system exceeds the capacity of the system

Can be due to a failure in fluid V homeostasis in the renin-angitensinaldosterone system– or increased fluid (diuretics) or stress (beta blockers)

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10
Q

What types of drugs may be used to treat hypertension?

A
  • Diuretics
  • Calcium Channel Blockers
  • Alpha-1 Blockers
  • ACE Inhibitors
  • Angiotensen II Blockers
  • Beta-1 Blockers
  • Clonidine
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11
Q

What are the goals of treatment for hypertension?

A
  • Reduce plasma volume
  • Dilate blood vessels
  • Restore RAAS fluid homeostasis
  • Reduce SANS-induced cardiac output
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12
Q

What are some non-pharmacologic treatments of hypertension?

A
  • Reduce weight
  • Limit alcohol
  • Increase aerobic activity
  • Reduce sodium intake
  • Stop smoking
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13
Q

What are the adverse effects of diuretics?

A

Xerostomia
Orthostatic hypotension (low pressure can cause dizziness)
Hypokalemia (too little potassium)

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14
Q

What drugs may decrease the effectiveness of diuretics?

A

NSAIDs
Can cause retention of fluids

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15
Q

What is the main mechanism of calcium channel blockers?

A

Vasodilation

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16
Q

What are calcium channel blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Cardiac arrhythmia

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17
Q

What are the adverse effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

Orthostatic hypotention
Constipation

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18
Q

What are patient care considerations with CCB’s?

A

Not affected by NSAIDs
Possible gingival enlargement
Dysgeusia (altered taste)

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19
Q

Which CCB will cause gingival enlargement?

A

Lodipine

20
Q

What are some examples of CCBs?

A

Amlodipine- Norvasc
Diltiazem- Cardizem
Nifedipine- Procardia
Lodipine

21
Q

What are the two types of drugs used to treat cardiac arrhythmia?

A

Calcium channel blockers
Beta-1 Blockers

22
Q

What is the suffix used for alpha-1 blockers?

A

“-zosin”

23
Q

What are some examples of alpha-1 blockers?

A

Doxazosin- Cardura
Terazosin- Hytrin

24
Q

What are alpha-1 blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension

25
Q

What are some adverse effects of alpha-1 blockers?

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension (can be more severe with epi)
  • Xerostomia
26
Q

What is a patient care consideration for alpha-1 blockers?

A

May interfere with action of epinephrine in LA

27
Q

What are the only type pf drugs not affected by NSAIDs?

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

28
Q

What are the two catergories of RAAS antihypertensive agents?

A
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
29
Q

What is the suffix used for ACE inhibitors?

A

“-pril”

30
Q

What is the suffix used for angiotensin II receptor blockers?

A

“-sartan”

31
Q

What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?

A
  • lisinopril- Prinivil
  • ramipril- Altace
32
Q

What are some examples of angiotenin II receptor blockers?

A
  • irbesartan- Avapro
  • valsartan- Diovan
33
Q

What are the dseases treated by ACE ihibitors and angiotensin II receptors?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Congestive heart failure
34
Q

Adverse effects of ACEI’s and ARB’s?

A

Orthostatis hypotension

35
Q

Adverse effects of ACEI’s and ARB’s?

A

Orthostatis hypotension

36
Q

What adverse effect is caused by ACEI’s but not ARB’s?

A

Dry, unproductive cough

37
Q

Which drug causes the most side effects?

A

Beta-1 Blockers

38
Q

What are beta-1 blockers used to treat?

A
  • Cardiac arrhythmia
  • Hypertension
  • Angina
  • Migraines
39
Q

What is the suffix used for beta-1 blockers?

A

“-olol”

40
Q

What is the action of beta-1 blockers?

A

Reduces heart rate and force of contraction by cardiac activity

41
Q

What are some examples of beta-1 blockers?

A

Cardioselective:
atenolol- Tenormin
metoprolol ER- Toprol KL
Non-Cardioselective:
nadolol- Corgard
propranolol- Inderal

42
Q

What are the adverse effects of beta-1 blockers?

A
  • Depression
  • Fatigue
  • Increased sensitivity to cold
43
Q

What are some patient considerations with beta-1 blockers?

A

Beta-blockers may mask symptoms of hypoglycemia in diabetic patients

44
Q

What do alpha-2 agonists treat?

A
  • Hypertension
  • Managing withdrawl effects
  • ADHD
  • Migraines
45
Q

What are the adverse effects of alpha-2 agonists?

A
  • Xerostomia
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Broncho-constriction
46
Q

Patient care considerations for alpha-2 agonists

A
  • CNS depression
  • Fatigue
  • Xerostomia
  • Respiratory depression
  • Rebound hypertension

245 Dental Pharmacology (20 decks)

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