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Environmental Toxicology > BISC317 Lab Midterm 1 > Flashcards

BISC317 Lab Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by anatomically generalized?

A

The insect has few structures that have specialized functions

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2
Q

The plates on the exoskeleton are called _____, and are separated by _____

A

Sclerites, sutures

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3
Q

Sclerites on the dorsal surface of the thorax and abdomen are called ____, plates on the ventral surface are called ____, and plates placed laterally between the two are called ____

A

Tergites, sternites, pleurites

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4
Q

Small, detached plates between segments are called:

A

intertergites, interstergites, interpleurites

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5
Q

What is found above the base of each antenna and between the antennal bases?

A

ocelli

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the thorax?

A

Locomotion

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the tympanum?

A

It is the ‘ear drum’ or auditory membrane

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8
Q

What is the purpose of valvulae?

A

To bore into soil in order to lay eggs

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9
Q

What parts make up the proboscis in hemiptera?

A

mandibular, maxillary stylets, labium

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10
Q

What contains the salivary channel in mosquitoes?

A

hypopharynx

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11
Q

What parts make up the proboscis in lepidoptera?

A

paired maxillae or galeae, which are tightly interlocked to form a tube

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12
Q

What is Johnston’s Organ and what is its purpose?

A

proprioceptor composed of a mass of hairs, located inside the pedicel in antenna and is attached to the base of the flagellum. responds to movement of the flagellum relative to the pedicel, providing insect with information on position

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13
Q

What are some possible leg specializations?

A

running, swimming, jumping, digging, pollen carrying, walking, grasping

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14
Q

What part of the wing has veins that are unbranched?

A

Anal

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15
Q

Where are the ganglia located?

A

3 in the thorax, 8 in the abdomen, 1 in the head

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16
Q

Where are the cardiac chambers located?

A

two thoracic chambers and 8 abdominal chambers

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the aedeagus?

A

Present in males for conveying the spermatozoa into the female

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the vagina/genital chamber and ovipositor?

A

Present in females, a copulatory pouch/recipient organ. ovipositor is adapted for egg laying

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the third valvulae?

A

to act as a protective sheath

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20
Q

What is the purpose of ovarioles and where are they located?

A

located in the ovary, eggs develop inside

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the suspensory filament?

A

to anchor the ovary to the dorsal part of the body wall

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the germinarium?

A

primordial germ cells differentiate

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23
Q

What is the purpose of vitellarium?

A

where developing eggs and nutritive cells are found

24
Q

What is the spermatheca?

A

a pouch for receiving and storing spermatozoa. arises from the dorsal surface of the genital chamber

25
Q

What is the purpose of accessory glands in females?

A

associated with the exit apparatus of the female organs and often secrete protective or adhesive coating over the eggs

26
Q

Where is spermatozoa produced?

A

in testicular follicles

27
Q

Where does spermatozoa congretate?

A

in the seminal vesicle

28
Q

After the accessory gland, where does sperm go?

A

sperm and seminal fluid enter the genital bulb and then exit through the adeagus.

29
Q

What are the larger tubes of the tracheal system called and where do they go?

A

Tracheae - run inwards from the spiracles and break up into smaller branches called tracheoles

30
Q

What is the purpose of the taenidium?

A

give strength to the tracheae and protect them against collapse with changes in pressure

31
Q

What is the spiracular atrium?

A

small tubular chamber coming from the spiracular opening

32
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

conducts stimuli from the sensory receptors to integration centres, and then sends out impulses to activate muscles and glands of the organism so that it responds to the environment

33
Q

What is the circulatory system in an insect?

A

an open system, with a body cavity bathed in a pool of hemolymph

34
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

a hole through which the gut, nervous system, and circulatory system connect from the head to the thorax, and is enclosed by the cervix

35
Q

What is the purpose of the spiracles?

A

external entrances for gas exchange, located between the pro- and mesothorax and between the meso- and metathorax

36
Q

Why is the sternum so complex?

A

due to internal muscle attachments

37
Q

What is the chemical used in the ‘killing jar’?

A

ethyl acetate

38
Q

How do berlese funnels work?

A

insects move away from the light/heat and fall into the ethanol (preservation liquid)

39
Q

What is the purpose of the tentorial arms?

A

anterior and posterior tentorial arms join medially to form a tentorial bridge and a dorsal tentorial arm originates from this structure and connects to the head capsule between the antenna

40
Q

What are the tergites of the thorax called and are they different from those on the abdomen?

A

they are different so you can distinguish them from the abdomen. They are called Nota, so, you have pronotum, mesonotum, metanotum

41
Q

What do the paraprocts represent and what are they?

A

they are sclerites on either side of the anus and represent the vestiges of the 11th sternite

42
Q

Where are claspers located on a male?

A

either side of the aedeagus

43
Q

the ovipostior on a locust differs from that of other insects. How?

A

in a grasshopper, the ventral first valvulae originate on the 8th segment, the dorsal third valvulae originate on the reduced 9th segment, and the inner second valvulae are reduced. in other insects the first and second valvulae form the ovispositor and the third valvulae forms a protective sheath around them

44
Q

In wasps and bees, what is the stinger made up of?

A

modified first and second valvulae

45
Q

Describe tegmina, hemelytra, elytra, and halteres

A

tegmina: hard and leathery forewings that provide protection for membranous hindwings (orthoptera)
hemelytra: forewings that are chitinized for half their length (hemiptera)
elytra: forewings are entirely chitinized (beetles)
halteres: hindwings reduced to small knobs which serve as organs of balance (diptera)

46
Q

What are wingless insects described as

A

‘apterous’

47
Q

What organs make up the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

foregut: pharynx, esophagus, crop, proventriculus
midgut: gastric caeca, malpighian tubules
hindgut: anterior intestine (pylorus), rectum, anus

48
Q

Where do the dorsal, ventral, and visceral tracheas supply oxygen to?

A

dorsal: dorsal musculature of the body and dorsal blood vessel
ventral: ventral musculature and dorsal blood vessel
visceral: branching to alimentary canal, fat bodies, and other organs

49
Q

Where are the ostia located?

A

near the posterior end of each chamber, one on each side of the vessel

50
Q

What are ostial valves?

A

regulate the ostial openings, flap-like structures lying inside the heart

51
Q

Describe the dorsal diaphragm

A

transparent membrane attached to the heart, forms the floor of an ill-defined pericardial cavity

52
Q

What can you find among the heart muscles?

A

numerous clusters of pericardial cells or nephrocytes

53
Q

What are segmental blood vessels?

A

found in cockroaches, they leave the heart at right angles, lying on the borders between abdominal segments. they are pulsatile but their activity is feeble compared to that of the heart

54
Q

What does a typical ovipositor consist of?

A

a shaft, a pair of basal plates, the first and second valvifers. normally includes a pair of accessory lobes or third valvulae found on the posterior end of the second valvulae.

55
Q

what is the shaft composed of?

A

in most insects, composed of two pairs of elongate processes, the first and second valvulae

Environmental Toxicology (4 decks)

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