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applied biochemistry > Saliva And Mucosal Defense Mechansims (Exam III) > Flashcards

Saliva And Mucosal Defense Mechansims (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

Cells involves in innate immunity include:

A

Macrophage
Mast Cell
Dendritic Cell
NK cells
Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)

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2
Q

What protein is involved in innate immunity

A

Complement protein

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3
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity

A

B cells
T cells (CD4+ T cell and CD8+ T cell)

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4
Q

What non-cell component is involved in adaptive cell immunity

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

Helper T cells

A

CD4+

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6
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+

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7
Q

What are the common components between the adaptive and innate immune systems

A

Natural Killer T cells AND

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8
Q

The T in T cells refers to

A

Thymus-dependent lymphocytes

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9
Q

The B in B cells refers to

A

Bursa of facbricius lymphocytes

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10
Q

What are T and B cells derived from in humans

A

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow

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11
Q

T cells are classified into subsets based on the cell-surface expression of:

A

CD4 or CD8 molecules

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12
Q

What type of T cells protect against intracellular microbes and function in cell-mediated immunity

A

CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic)

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13
Q

B Cells proliferate and differentiated into plasma cells after activation by

A

Helper T cells

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14
Q

Antibody secretion is seen in what type of immunity

A

Humoral

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15
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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16
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, MALT

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17
Q

Produce reactive cells and eliminate self-reacting cells

A

Primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow)

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18
Q

Environment for proliferation, maturation, cell-cell interaction, and cytokine-cell interaction

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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19
Q

Lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via

A

Thoracic duct

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20
Q

Naive lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes from

A

The blood

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21
Q

Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via

A

Lymphatics

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22
Q

Molecules found on all nucleated cells of the body

A

MHC class I

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23
Q

MHC Class II molecules are normally restricted to

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

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24
Q

What are the antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

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25
Q

What recognizes the complex of viral peptide within MHC Class I and kills the infected cell

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

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26
Q

How do the cytotoxic T cells kill the infected cell presented by MHC Class I

(2)

A

1- perforin-mediated cell death
2- Fas-mediated apoptosis

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27
Q

MHC Class I uses the _____ pathway

A

Endogenous

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28
Q

MHC Class II uses the ____ pathway

A

exogenous

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29
Q

What subunits compose the T cell receptor

A

Alpha and beta

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30
Q

Antigen-presenting molecules

A

Major histocompatability complexes

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31
Q

The MHC molecules in humans are called

A

Human leukocytes antigens (HLA)

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32
Q

If we are talking about the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum as well as viral peptide we are referring to what class of MHC molecules

A

MHC class I

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33
Q

If we are talking about endosomes, acidified vesicle proteases, fusion and pathogens/proteins we are referring to what class of MHC molecules

A

Class II

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34
Q

What recognizes the complex of bacterial peptide with MHC class II and activates the macrophage

A

Type I helper T cells

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35
Q

Intracellular killing is enhanced by type I helper cells releasing

A

Interferon gamma

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36
Q

What recognizes the complex of antigenic peptide with MHC class II and activates B cell

A

Helper T cell

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37
Q

Activation of ____ results in cytokine production recruited for proliferation and development into plasma cells

A

Type two helper T cells

38
Q

The F(ab)2 region of the antibody functions in

A

Antigen binding

39
Q

The Fc region of the antibody functions to bind Fc receptors on ____ and activates ____

A

Phagocytes
Complement

40
Q

Most abundant antibody in serum, four subclasses and confers long-term protection

A

IgG

41
Q

Antibody with pentamer structure, usually the first antibody made during primary response, excellent at binding complement proteins

A

IgM

42
Q

Antibody that functions in allergic (anaphylactic) responses, contains anti-parasitic properties

A

IgE

43
Q

Antibody that is a secretory dimer but circulatory monomer, and is first defense for mucosal surfaces

A

IgA

44
Q

Number of binding sites on:

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

A

G, E, D - 2
A- 4
M - 10

45
Q

What antibody can cross the placenta

A

IgG

46
Q

Main antibody of the primary responses, best at fixing complement, and monomer form serves as B cell receptor

A

IgM

47
Q

Main antibody of secondary responses, neutralizes toxins, opsonization

A

IgG

48
Q

Secreted into mucus, tears, saliva and colostrum

A

IgA

49
Q

Antibody of allergy and antiparasitic activity

A

IgE

50
Q

Antibody that is a B cell receptor

A

IgD

51
Q

The three pairs of major salivary glands

A

1- parotid
2- submandibular
3- sublingual

52
Q

Saliva is complex, ____ and ____ fluid

A

Hypotonic
Slightly acidic

53
Q

Saliva is 99% ____ and less than 1% _____

A

Water
Solid

54
Q

The less than 1% of solid components that comprise saliva are

A

Proteins and electrolytes

55
Q

What percent of total amount of saliva is produced by the major salivary glands

A

90%

56
Q

In a healthy person the daily secretion range of saliva is:

In a healthy person the average salivary secretion is:

A

0.5-1 L

0.61 L

57
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the parotid gland

A

Purely serous

58
Q

What type of saliva is produced by submandibular gland

A

Mainly serous

59
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the sublingual gland

A

Mainly mucous

60
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the minor gland

What is the exception

A

Mainly mucous

Von Ebners gland - strictly serous

61
Q

Saliva function is ____ and _____ of retrograde salivary gland infection

A

Lubrication and prevention

62
Q

Saliva functions in formation of acquired ____ and ____

A

Enamel
Mucosal pellicles

63
Q

Saliva functions in clearance of _____ and _____

A

Dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms

64
Q

Saliva functions in taste and digestion by

A

Dissolving and transporting substances

65
Q

What are the three defensive activities that saliva functions in

A

Antibacterial
Antiviral
Antifungal

66
Q

Saliva services as a ______ to the bacteria for the balance of oral microbiome

A

Nutritional source

67
Q

Saliva serves as a _______ through bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems

A

Buffering capacity

68
Q

Highly glycosylated, hydrophilic proteins produced by mucous acinar cells of the submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands that are important for lubrication and protections

A

Mucins

69
Q

Major enzyme in saliva that breaks down complex carbohydrates and is secreted from serous acinar cells of the parotid gland

A

Alpha amylase

70
Q

Amylase breaks down ingested starch into: (3)

A

maltose, maltotriose and dextrins

71
Q

Amylase functions to facilitate bacterial _____ of carbohydrates

A

Fermentation

72
Q

Amylase facilities _______ of bacteria to oral surfaces

A

Adherence

73
Q

Amylase binds _____ and ____ to promote their clearance

A

S. Gordonii and S. Mitis

74
Q

Serves to modulate adhesion, co-adhesion and colonization of microorganisms

A

Amylase

75
Q

Comprise lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxidase systems

76
Q

Peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of _____ to hypothiocyanite by hydrogen peroxide

A

Thiocyanate

77
Q

The hypothiocyanate inhibits important bacterial ________ and exerts _____ effects on S. Mutans, Lactobacilli, yeasts, several gram-negative species including periodontal pathogens and certain viruses

A

Metabolic processes
Antimicrobial effects

78
Q

Part of the innate salivary defense mechanism, and could be found in the saliva, dental plaque, and salivary pellicle

A

Lysozyme

79
Q

An iron-binding glycoprotein secreted by serous acinar cells of major and minor salivary glands

A

Lactoferrin

80
Q

Lactoferrin can also come from

A

Neutrophils and GCF

81
Q

Lactoferrin binds and sequesters iron depriving ___ and _____ from essential nutrients

A

Bacteria and yeast

82
Q

What are the three forms of Lactoferrin

A

1- iron-free (apolactoferrin)
2- ferric Lactoferrin
3- saturated Lactoferrin

83
Q

Lactoferrin exhibits ____ and ____ activities

A

Antiviral and antifungal

84
Q

Constitute 25-30% of all salivary proteins and are produced by the parotid and submandibular glands

A

Proline-rich proteins

85
Q

Present in saliva of the parotid and submandibular glands, and is a phosphoprotein

A

Statherin

86
Q

Cysteine-continuing phosphoroproteins which have proteinase inhibiting properties, controlling proteolytic activity from host or microorganisms

7 different proteoforms present in saliva

A

Cystatins

87
Q

Family of cationic peptides produced by ductal cells of the major salivary glands, they exhibit antifungal activity towards C. Albicans, they can bind to microbial cell membranes, promote aggregation, and integrate into the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane (formation of pores)

A

Histatins

88
Q

The major classes of salivary immunoglobulins in human saliva (2)

A

IgA
IgG

89
Q

Salivary immunoglobulin sIgA works to prevent pathogens and antigens from getting access to the oral epithelium, what is this process called

A

Immune exclusion

90
Q

Prototype of cationic peptides, also found in saliva and GCF. Based on pattern of cysteine-pairing there are two subfamilies.

These peptides absorb onto the bacterial cell membranes leading to aggregation and integration into the lipid bilayer

A

Defensins

91
Q

Functions of GCF include: (3)

A
  1. Cleanse materials
  2. Improve adhesion of epithelium to tooth (through plasma proteins)
  3. Possess antimicrobial properties
92
Q

MAMPs
PRRs

A

Microbe-associated molecular patterns
Pathogen recognition receptor

applied biochemistry (18 decks)

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