Modules 3-4

Question 1

Layers of digestive tract wall

Answer 1

mucosa-submucosa-muscularis-serosa

Question 2

salivary glands and what do they secrete

Answer 2

parotid, sub-mandibular, sublingual - secrete saliva: lingual lipase, salivary amylase and lysozyme

Question 3

sphincters at top and bottom of stomach

Answer 3

lower esophageal, pyloric

Question 4

gastric juice

Answer 4

HCl, pepsinogen, mucus(secreted by stomach crypts), gastric lipase

Question 5

Small intestine parts

Answer 5

duodenum, Jejunum, ileum

Question 6

cells on surface of villi

Answer 6

enterocytes

Question 7

where is the absorptive site in small intestine

Answer 7

in submucosa of villi in absorptive vessel

Question 8

how is water absorbed

Answer 8

osmosis into blood

Question 9

how are lipids and fat soluble vitamins absorbed

Answer 9

passive diffusion into lacteal in small intestine villi move into lymphatic vessels which drain into blood

Question 10

how is fructose absorbed

Answer 10

facilitated diffusion with protein transporter into capillaries

Question 11

how are glucose and amino acids absorbed

Answer 11

absorbed against concentration gradient using active transport

Question 12

what does the lacteal eventually drain into

Answer 12

thoracic duct

Question 13

what enzymes do the microvilli store

Answer 13

lactase, sucrase, maltase

Question 14

Parts of Large intestine

Answer 14

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

Question 15

microbiome

Answer 15

large variety of non-human genetic material within body, the whole genome

Question 16

microbiota

Answer 16

total composite of microorganisms found in body (mainly bacteria) in one area or whole body

Question 17

pancreas endocrine function

Answer 17

insulin and glucagon

Question 18

pancreas exocrine function

Answer 18

pancreatic juice

Question 19

pancreatic juice contents

Answer 19

pancreatic amylase, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic proteases, bicarbonate

Question 20

probiotics

Answer 20

living organisms yogurt kombucha

Question 21

prebiotics

Answer 21

not living organisms act as food for microbiome and support its function

Question 22

GERD

Answer 22

gastroesophageal reflux disease, can promote ulcers, weight loss can help, risk for leading to cancer is low

Question 23

gallstones

Answer 23

hardened bile deposits in gall bladder or bile duct, occurs because of too much cholesterol compared to bile salts in bile

Question 24

Diverticulitus

Answer 24

walls of digestive tract weaken and cause outpouchings on colon usually can lead to diverticulosis (bleeding of diverticula)

Question 25

anabolism

Answer 25

build up molecules , require net input of energy

Question 26

catabolism

Answer 26

break down molecules, lead to net release of energy

Question 27

ATP structure

Answer 27

3 phosphate groups attached to an adenosine base, high energy bonds between phosphates

Question 28

Main steps of glucose metabolism

Answer 28

glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

Question 29

glycolysis

Answer 29

6 carbon glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of 3 carbon pyruvate (+2 ATP), occurs in cytoplasm, can be anaerobic

Question 30

anaerobic breakdown of pyruvate

Answer 30

pyruvate is oxidized into lactate 1 ATP is gained

Question 31

aerobic metabolism of pyruvate

Answer 31

pyruvate and CoA form acetyl CoA , leads to loss of some e- captured by NADH+H+ and CO2 is released

Question 32

how is citrate formed

Answer 32

acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate

Question 33

citric acid cycle

Answer 33

Acetyl CoA reactis with oxaloacetate to form citrate, citrate goes through reactions to form 8 different molecules some energy is captured in GTP, citric acid intermediates react to form next molecules in cycle e- are lost then captured by FADH+H+ and FADH2 which move to the membrane of mitochondia

Question 34

electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

Answer 34

NADH+H+ and FADH2 exchange electrons with membrane bound proteins in series of redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP using ATP synthase

Question 35

how does ATP synthase work

Answer 35

promotes the bonding of phosphate group onto ADP

Question 36

How much ATP is made in cellular respiration

Answer 36

30+

Question 37

how much ATP is made in the breakdown of pyruvate

Answer 37

1 but only when its anaerobic and producing lactate

Question 38

how much ATP is gained in glycolysis

Answer 38

2

Question 39

when is acetyl CoA formed

Answer 39

at the beginning of the citric acid cycle

Question 40

how is glycerol metabolized

Answer 40

can be converted to glucose then goes through all steps of cellular respiration

Question 41

where is most lipid energy coming from

Answer 41

fatty acids

Question 42

how are fatty acids metabolized

Answer 42

broken down 2 carbons at a time (beta-oxydation) to form acetyl CoA which combines with oxaloacetate form citrate to enter citric acid cycle

Question 43

how are amino acids metabolized

Answer 43

removal of nitrogen group (deamination) there are 21 different possible products, remaining chains can either be made into glucose, pyruvate or citric acid intermediates

Question 44

cellular respiration equation

Answer 44

c6+h12+06 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 45

what is acetyl CoA made from

Answer 45

pyruvate and CoA make acetyl CoA

Question 46

how is citrate made

Answer 46

from acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate

Question 47

what does pyruvate turn into

Answer 47

Lactate or Acetyl CoA

Question 48

Electron transporters

Answer 48

NADH+H+ and FADH2