Heredity and Continuity of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Thread-liek chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions in a double helix of antiparallel strands.

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2
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions for the forming of protein in a cell.

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3
Q

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

A

The structural framework of nucleic acids, composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

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4
Q

Condensation Polymerisation

A

The formation of a polymer by the reactions between two monomers, with the loss of a small molecule (e.g. water).

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5
Q

Antiparallel

A

Two biopolymers that run parallel to each other but with opposite alignments, e.g. the two strands of the DNA molecule.

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6
Q

Nucleosome

A

A length of DNA coiled around a core eight histone protein molecules.

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7
Q

Epigenetic Factors

A

A chemical tag that determines the degree of coiling around the nucleosome and thus gene expression.

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8
Q

Gene

A

A region of DNA, made up of nucleotides, that encodes molecule that has a function.

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9
Q

Genetic Code

A

The code the body uses to convert the instructions in the DNA into the proteins essential for life.

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10
Q

DNA Helicase

A

An enzyme that breaks down the hydrogen bonds holding two DNA strands together.

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11
Q

Semiconservative Replication

A

Replication of DNA resulting in two copies that each contain one of the original strands and one new strand.

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12
Q

3’ (Three-Prime) End

A

One end of a DNA strand in which the C3 carbon atom of the sugar molecule in the DNA’s sugar backbone has a ‘free’ OH (hydroxyl) group that is not linked to another chemical group.

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13
Q

5’ (Five-Prime) End

A

One end of a DNA strand in which the C5 carbon atom of the sugar molecule in the DNA’s sugar backbone has a ‘free’ phosphate group that is not linked to another chemical group.

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14
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

A type of enzyme that is responsible for assembling nucleotides to form new copies of DNA.

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15
Q

Origin of Replication

A

A particular sequence in the DNA molecule at which replication is initiated.

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16
Q

Replication Fork

A

Structure with two branching sections that is created when DNA helicase break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together at a certain point.

17
Q

Replication Bubble

A

An unwound and open region of DNA in which DNA replication occurs, created when the enzyme DNA helicase separates the two strands of DNA.

18
Q

Leading Strand

A

DNA template from the middle of the replication bubble (point of origin) to the fork.

19
Q

Lagging Strand

A

DNA template from the fork to the middle of the replication bubble (point of origin).

20
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Fragments of DNA that are formed on the lagging strand of replicating DNA.

21
Q

DNA Ligase

A

A specific type of enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together.

22
Q

Termination Sequence

A

A section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or replication site.