Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of nucleotide sequences encoded in the total DNA of an organism.

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2
Q

Structural Gene

A

Sections of DNA that carry to instructions for production of a protein.

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3
Q

Structural Gene

A

Sections of DNA that carry to instructions for production of a protein.

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4
Q

Gene Expression

A

The ability of a gene to be transcribed.

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5
Q

Genetic Code

A

The code the body uses to convert the instructions contained in the DNA into the proteins essential for life.

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6
Q

Non-Coding DNA

A

The greater part of the DNA molecule that does not contain structural genes.

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7
Q

Regulatory Gene

A

A non-coding segment of DNA that produces transcription factors for gene expression.

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8
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA; RNA molecule formed during transcription.

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9
Q

Transcription

A

First step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into mRNA.

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10
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA specifying an amino acid.

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11
Q

Split Gene

A

A gene that contains sections of non-coding DNA called exons (expressed as RNA and protein) interrupted by sections of DNA called introns.

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12
Q

Inrons

A

A non-coding section of DNA within a split gene.

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13
Q

Exon

A

A coding section of DNA within a split gene.

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14
Q

Trimming

A

Removal of non-coding sections at the beginning and end of mRNA.

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15
Q

Capping

A

The addition of methyl-Guanine at the start of the trimmed mRNA.

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16
Q

tRNA

A

Small segments of a long tail of adenines at the end of mRNA.

17
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of nitrogen bases found on tRNA.

18
Q

rRNA

A

RNA component of a ribosome.

19
Q

Polysome

A

Chain of ribosomes that ‘read’ mRNA

20
Q

Translation

A

Production of a polypeptide sequence from a sequence of mRNA codons.

21
Q

Transcription Factor

A

A protein produced by regulatory genes that controls gene expression.

22
Q

Epigenome

A

A system of gene control outside of the DNA (‘Above the genome’).

23
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Chromatin tightly coiled around histone proteins in the nucleosome.

24
Q

Euchromatin

A

‘Relaxed’ chromatin that contains genes that can be transcribed.

25
Q

Histone Modification

A

Addition of chemical tags that vary the width between nucleosomes and so determine whether or not a gene can be transcribed.

26
Q

DNA Methylation

A

The addition of a chemical tag (a methyl group) to the start of a structural gene to block transcription.

27
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Each twin develops from a separate egg and each egg is fertilised separate from the sperm cell.

28
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

An alternative name to dizygotic twins.

29
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Twins that develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two embryos; since they have the same genotype, they are considered to be identical.

30
Q

Homeotic Gene

A

Any group of related genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis during early embryonic development.

31
Q

Homeobox

A

DNA sequence of about 180 base pairs) contained in a gene (e.g. the Hox genes) that is highly conserved and can bind to DNA to control gene expression.

32
Q

Homebox (Hox) Genes

A

A sub-group of homeotic genes that control the body plan of an embryo aling the head-tail axis.

33
Q

Hoz Protein

A

A transcription factor produced by a Hox gene.

34
Q

SRY Gene

A

The gene on the Y chromosome responsible for initiating male sex determination in humans.