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Body Logistics > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Define a gland

A

An epithelial cell or an aggregate (cluster) of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

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2
Q

Define secretion

A

Production and release of materials by a cell or aggregate of cells

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3
Q

How are glands classified? (2)

A

Their structure

How their products are released

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4
Q

What are the two types of glands?
What is the key difference?

A

Endocrine - ductless, so secrete directly into the blood

Exocrine - ducted, so secrete into the duct

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5
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete?

A

Hormones

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6
Q

What do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Enzymes or lubricants

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7
Q

Give 3 examples of an endocrine gland

A

Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of an exocrine gland

A

Salivary gland
Pancreas
Mammary gland
Sweat glands
Sebaceous gland
Lachrymal gland

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9
Q

What do mammary glands secrete?

A

Colostrum and milk

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10
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum onto the skin and in the ear

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11
Q

What do lachrymal glands secrete?

A

An aqueous fluid to the moisten the eye

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12
Q

What cells secrete hormones in endocrine glands?

A

All epithelial cells in the gland

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13
Q

What cells secrete hormones in exocrine glands?

A

Cells at the apex of the duct (the bottom)

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14
Q

What is the process in which glands develop?

A

Adenogenesis

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15
Q

What are the three steps of general gland formation?

A
  1. Growth signal received
  2. Proliferation of cells occurs and extracellular protein degradation enzymes produced
  3. Epithelial cells invade subjacent connective tissue
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16
Q

What does it mean when cells proliferate?

A

An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division

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17
Q

What happens after cells invade the space in the development of exocrine glands?

A

Central cells die off
A duct is produced
Branching

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18
Q

What happens after cells invade the space in the development of endocrine glands?

A
  1. Angiogenic factors produced - stimulates blood vessel growth
  2. No branching
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19
Q

Which type of gland is not linked to mother cells?
How is it not?

A

Endocrine
Broken through apoptosis

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20
Q

How does branching occur?

A
  1. FG10 released by immature fibroblasts
  2. Epithelial cells move towards the signal
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21
Q

If the duct doesn’t branch what would it do in response to growth factors?

A

Tubule elongation

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22
Q

What stops elongation and branching?

A

Sonic the hedgehog

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23
Q

What stimulates
Tubule elongation?
Tubule branching?

A

GF1 active + GF2 inactive
GF1 inactive + GF2 active

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24
Q

What do the two types of cells in exocrine glands do?

A

Line the duct

Make secretory products

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25
Q

What are the two types of tubular secretory structure?

A

Simple duct - does not branch
Compound duct - branches

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26
Q

What happens to some of the cells at the secretory ends of the ducts?
What is their function?

A

Turn into myoepithelial cells
Help eject secretions

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27
Q

What are the two types of secretion for salivary glands?

A

Mucous
Serous

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28
Q

What hormones stimulates the the breast to grow?
Where are they produced?

A

Estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries

29
Q

What stimulates the production of breast secretion during pregnancy?

A

Prolactin

30
Q

What are the four types of secretion?

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
Cytocrine

31
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Fusion of vesicle with apical membrane
(Exocytosis)

32
Q

What is apocrine secretion?

A

Partial loss of cytoplasm

33
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

Complete loss of cytoplasm

34
Q

What is cytocrine secretion?
Give an example

A

Cells are released as a secretion
Spermatid

35
Q

What are the two pathways for merocrine secretion?

A

Regulated
Constitutive

36
Q

What are the three steps of regulated merocrine secretion?

A
  1. Vesicle migrates to cell surface along microtubules
  2. Membrane of vesicle fuses with plasmalemma, in the prescience of Ca2+
  3. Contents released to extracellular space
37
Q

What does active secretion of regulated merocrine secretion require?

A

Ca2+

38
Q

Describe constitutive secretion
How is it different from regulated?

A

Vesicles continuously released to the cell surface

Few or no secretory granules

39
Q

Describe holocrine secretion

A
  1. Secretory cells fill up with secretory granules
  2. Cell organelles degenerate
  3. Cells die
  4. Plasma membrane breaks
  5. Contents empties
  6. Dead cells replaced by mitotic division of basal cells
40
Q

What is the definition of glycosylation?

A

Covalent attachment of sugars by enzymes to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

41
Q

What is the definition of glycation?

A

Covalent attachment of sugars WITHOUT enzymes to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

42
Q

What is the purpose of glycosylation? (3)
What is the organelle that it happens to most frequently?

A
  • aids protein folding
  • prevents protein/lipid digestion by intracellular proteases/lipases
  • cell recognition and cell matrix attachment

Golgi apparatus

43
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Secretion of molecules outside the cell via a vesicle fusing to a membrane

44
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Engulfing of molecules inside the cell via vesicle formation

45
Q

Where do endocrine cells discharge their secretions?

A

Directly into blood vessels or lymphatic system

46
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands?
Where do they excrete their products?

A

Unicellular - surface of epithelium

Multicellular - into a duct

47
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?
What is their secretion used for? (3)

A

Mucus

Lubricates the passage
Moistens the air
Entraps particles

48
Q

What is the most common symptom for people with cystic fibrosis?
Why does this occur?
What can this lead to?

A

Thick mucus

Cannot release Cl- into lumen of duct
Water travels with Cl-, so less water in secretion

A blocked duct

49
Q

What is phagocytosis?
Where does it occur mainly?

A

Process of phagocytes enveloping or engulfing cells or particles

Immune system

50
Q

What is pinocytosis?
Where does it occur mainly?

A

Process of cells ingesting liquid droplets

Smooth muscle cells

51
Q

What are two examples of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

52
Q

What is transepithelial transport known as?

A

Transcytosis

53
Q

Where are the parotid glands?

A

Next to the ear

54
Q

What are the three ways of controlling gland secretion?

A

Hormonal
Neural
Humoral

55
Q

Explain four examples of transcytosis

A

By carrier proteins or counter transport processes
Aqueous channels in the intracellular junction
Through lipid cell membranes
Bind to surface receptors, by engulfed by endocytosis and then released by exocytosis

56
Q

What is the function of a striated duct?

A

Prevent water loss

57
Q

Describe how endocytosis and secretion combine to give transepithelial transport

A

A cell binds to cell surface receptors
The cell is engulfed by the cell membrane - endocytosis
Released inside the cell
Or expelled via membrane limited vesicles into the extracellular space - exocytosis

58
Q

Describe humoral secretion control

A

Stimulated by changes in extracellular fluid

59
Q

Describe hormonal secretion control

A

Hormone released
Stimulates another hormone to be released from another cell

60
Q

Describe neural secretion control

A

Neuron releases a neurotransmitter
Binds to a cell
Stimulating hormone secretion

61
Q

What are the mooring of ductless glands derivatives of?

A

Epithelial tissue

62
Q

Describe the portal circulatory route

A

Blood passes through two sets of smaller vessels before returning to the heart
Blood from the first capillaries collects in portal vessels
The portal vessels branch off to supply a capillary network
The capillary network enters a series of veins, which leads to the heart

63
Q

What are two key examples of portal circulatory routes?

A

Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary gland

64
Q

Name two functions of parafollicular cells
Where are they found?

A

Produce thryocalactitonin
Monitor plasma Ca2+ conc

Parathyroid glands

65
Q

What is salivary secretion controlled by?

A

Neural

66
Q

Describe how the ANS controls saliva production

A

Parasympathetic - large volume of watery, enzyme rich salvia

Sympathetic - small volume of thick, mucus rich saliva

67
Q

What are the three different types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Brain

Fenestrated
Pituitary, small intestines, kidneys

Sinusoid - have an incomplete basement membrane
Spleen, bone marrow

68
Q

X

A

Body Logistics (9 decks)

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