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Intro to Environmental Science > Evir. Science Exam #3 > Flashcards

Evir. Science Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Changing in gene frequency within a population from 1 generation to the next

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2
Q

Genetic Diversity

A

Populations that contain genetically different individuals, which is needed for populations to evolve

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3
Q

Genetic Mutation

A

changes in DNA structure

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4
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

combination of traits arising from both parents

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5
Q

Natural Selection must have

A

genetic variation and selective pressure

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6
Q

Higher genetic variation means

A

the better chance individuals can withstand or thrive changing environmental conditions

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7
Q

What are the 2 main sources for genetic diversity?

A

Genetic mutation and genetic recombination

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8
Q

Natural selection must have both

A

genetic variation and selective pressure

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9
Q

Adaptations

A

traits favored by the environment

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10
Q

What is true about the evolutionary processes?

A

Evolution acts on existing genetic variation

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11
Q

Steps in Natural Selection

A
  1. Individuals with the best adaptations survive and reproduce
  2. The population contains more of the better-adapted individuals
  3. Changes in how common certain genes are
  4. The population has experienced evolution
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12
Q

Individuals are _____ for, populations ____

A

selected, evolve

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13
Q

Directional Selection

A

continually favors a particular extreme of the trait

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14
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

favors the norm and selects against extremes

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15
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

favors the extremes but selects against the intermediate forms

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16
Q

Coevolution

A

when 2 species provide pressure determining which of the other’s trait is favored by natural selection

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17
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Pure chance and random mating that increases or decreases the frequency of a trait

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18
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

Part of the population dies suddenly, leaving the survivors left to produce a new generation

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19
Q

Founder Effect

A

Small group contains only some of the original variants and becomes isolated

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20
Q

What is the change in gene frequency within a population called?

A

Evolution

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21
Q

Evolution can occur when random mating eliminates some genes from the population. This is called

A

genetic drift

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22
Q

Artificial Selection

A

selecting individuals to breed and produce a population with desired traits

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23
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

measures the relative ability of an individual to produce viable, fertile offspring, relative to other individuals in the population

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24
Q

Which group of organisms have we identified the most species?

A

Insects

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25
Q

Biodiversity

A

the variety of life on Early, includes genetics species, and ecological diversity

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26
Q

What regions have the highest biodiversity?

A

Tropical

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27
Q

Nature is approximately worth

A

$125,000,000,000,000

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28
Q

Genetic Biodiversity

A

heritable variation among individuals of a single population

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29
Q

Species Biodiversity

A

variety of species, including richness and evenness

30
Q

Ecological Biodiversity

A

variety within an ecosystem’s structure including many communities, habitats, niches, and trophic levels

31
Q

Biodiversity Hotspots

A

areas that have high endemism and have lost at least 70% of their orginal habitat and contain a large number of endangered species

32
Q

Examples of biodiversity hotspots

A

Tropical Andes and Polynesia-Micronesia

33
Q

Endemic Species

A

Plant and animal species that only exist at 1 location on Earth

34
Q

Examples of endemic species

A

the galapagos penguin and marine iguana

35
Q

What is the world’s 36th biodiversity hotspot?

A

North American Coastal Plain

36
Q

What percentage of endemic species lives on the hawaiian islands?

A

90%

37
Q

What describes how isolation affects the ability of a population to adapt to changes?

A

Harder for a population to adapt because individuals can’t breed with other populations

38
Q

What is the #1 threat to biodiversity?

A

Habitat Destruction

39
Q

Habitat Destruction

A

human activities that reduce ecosystem size and unique habitats within

40
Q

Fragmentation

A

loss part of a larger habitat, leaves patches which may be no suitable for species needing large expanses

41
Q

Overharvesting

A

populations harvested faster than they can reproduce with crash and some species are more vulnerable than others

42
Q

Invasive Species Pollution

A

may outcompete or displace native species, have a lack of predators, and can drive native species to extinction

43
Q

Pollution

A

directly impacts biodiversity, organisms are sensitive to small changes, and pollutants can build up through food webs and affect many species

44
Q

Climate Change

A

shifting weather patterns can alter or eliminate habitat

45
Q

Conservation Biology

A

the science of preserving biodiversity

46
Q

Threatened Species

A

species at risk of extinction

47
Q

Characteristics of Endangered Species

A

extremely small range, require a large terrritory, living on an island, have a low reproductive success, small population size, low reproductive rates, require specialized breeding areas, specialized feeding habitats

48
Q

Ex-situ Conservation

A

Off-site conservation tactic

49
Q

Examples of Ex-situ Conservation

A

zoos
seed banks
captive breeding programs

50
Q

In-situ Conservation

A

On-site conservation tactic

51
Q

Examples of In-situ Conservation

A

landscape
habitat protection
ecosystem restoration
habitat corridors

52
Q

Captive Breeding Programs

A

individuals carefully chosen to maximize genetic diverstiy and reared to no associate humans with food to facitlitate eventual release

53
Q

Reintroduction Programs

A

individuals from captive breeding programs or other wild populations are reintroduced to an area with suitable habitat and protection

54
Q

Seed Banks

A

stored seeds kept saf from habitat destruction and climate warming and is used to preserve genetic diversity adn reintroduce extinct plant species

55
Q

Ecosystem conservation

A

focuses on propecting habitats and protects all species living there

56
Q

Landscape conservation

A

targets a suite of species that all use vital areas of the habitat

57
Q

Ecosystem restoration

A

protects species habitat and often benefit other species

58
Q

Ecosystem restoration could include

A

replanting
reintroducing native species
removing invasive species
cleanup of damage or pollution

59
Q

Conservation genetics

A

used to identify endangered populations and track illegal sale or trade of endangered species

60
Q

Protected habitats

A

wildlife refuges and wilderness areas that are generally open to visitors and hunting/fishing but not commercially developed

61
Q

Nature Reserves

A

closed to hunting and fishing (main goal is to protect wildlife)

62
Q

Habitat Corridors

A

allow animals to move safely between habitat fragments

63
Q

Wildlife Management

A

work to keep animal populations well maintained and can focus on preserving species and/or managing nuisance animals

64
Q

Endangered Species Act of 1973

A

Mandated protection of a list of species
- Prohibits “taking” species, regardless of land ownership
- Includes capture, hunting, collection, and any conduct that might damage a species’ ability to reproduce

65
Q

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (1973)

A

Regulates sale and trade of endangered or threatened species or products
Effectiveness is debatable due to the black market

66
Q

Ecotourism

A

low impact travel to natural areas that contributes to environmental protection and respects local people

67
Q

Debt-for-nature Swaps

A

preservation of natural areas funded by an agreement where a nation forgives part of the debt of a developing nation

68
Q

Nonprofit Organizations

A

raises awareness, fund conservation projects, create land protections

69
Q

Consumer Choices

A

buy products from businesses that help conservation efforts (fair trade products)

70
Q

What are the 3 categories that we get from nature?

A

Cultural benefits, human provisions, ecosystem services and support

71
Q

What are the causes of biodiversity loss?

A

Habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, overharvesting, invasive species, pollution, climate change, and altered patterns of disturbance

72
Q

List the 9 categories of the IUCN Red List

A

extinct, extinct in the wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, least concerned data deficient, not evaluated

Intro to Environmental Science (3 decks)

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