Atypical Development

Question 1

Delay versus deviance, what’s the more encompassing term?

Answer 1

Delay - a child is acquiring the same features, in the same sequence, but simply more slowly (rarely ever happens, if a child is having a difficulty, it is more inconsistent. Some age appropriate skills, some missing.)

Deviance - the child’s developing system is fundamentally different from peers and younger children.

More encompassing term: disorder/impairment = any atypical development

Question 2

Motor speech sound disorders (2)

Answer 2

dysarthria and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)

Question 3

Dysarthria

Answer 3

speech disorder due to muscle weakness and/or coordination of speech components (respiration, phonation, articulation, resonance)

Question 4

Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)

Answer 4

speech disorder in which a child has difficulty with articulation (i.e. oral movements); not a muscle weakness but seen as a planning disorder.

Disorder in connection between cognition and mouth moving, inconsistent, groping

Question 5

Developmental speech sound disorders (4 main types of articulation errors)

Answer 5

1) Substitution
2) distortion
3) Omission/deletion
4) addition

Question 6

Substitution

Answer 6

one phoneme replaces another

Question 7

Distortion

Answer 7

a phoneme is produced differently, but this doesn’t result in a different phoneme. Allophones.

Question 8

Omission/deletion

Answer 8

a phoneme is deleted

Question 9

addition

Answer 9

an extra phoneme is added

Question 10

Another approach to developmental disorders (not traditional way)

Answer 10

Describe the patterns of sound changes (i.e. phonological processes)

Question 11

Phonological processes

Answer 11

a pattern of sound change that affects a class of sounds or the overall structure of syllables. Reflect a rule that simplifies sound production. May be developmental or atypical

Question 12

For children, we focus on phonological processes not seen in adult speech (there is normal development where phonological processes occurs) (7)

Answer 12

syllable deletion (within a word)
Final consonant deletion
Velar fronting
Voicing/devoicing
Stopping
Assimilation
Cluster reduction

Question 13

Velar fronting

Answer 13

take sounds that should be a back sound, but bring it up to the front.

Question 14

Voicing/devoicing

Answer 14

making sound, but got voices mixed up (p –> b)

Question 15

stopping

Answer 15

commonly take fricatives, change to stop. Can make sound, but just need to teach kids that there are long sounds (quick fix)

Question 16

Assimilation

Answer 16

say the same sound twice within a word instead of a different sound (duck —> dud)

Question 17

cluster reduction

Answer 17

tends to e the first sound, other than l (tend to delete l): clown —> cown

Question 18

Disorder or just individuality in development?

Answer 18

take into account age of acquisition (not all sounds are acquired at the same time, r is late), number of sounds affected, nature of the sound changes, consistency, impact on communication and the child

Question 19

ethology of disorders, main explanation and main known cause

Answer 19

the cause. Most termed “functional articulation disorder” = no known physical or neurological basis. What would be a physical cause? Most commonly hearing. Hearing loss, age of onset, severity.

Question 20

Other possible causes of speech sound disorders

Answer 20

speech perception, structural anomalies (lips, teeth, tongue, palate), motor abilities (diadochokinetic rate), cognitive language skills (vast majority not cognitive), neurological damage

Question 21

Diadochokinetic rate

Answer 21

the maximum repetition rate for syllables (say pa-ta-ka fast) - front, middle, back sound

Question 22

Language disorder

Answer 22

impairment of comprehension and/or production of a linguistic code (symbolic system with rules) - both coming in and coming out (content, form, use Venn diagram)

Question 23

Communication disorders encompass… (3 types of disorders)

Answer 23

speech disorders (phonology), language disorders (content, form, use), and speech and language disorders

Question 24

Speech sound disorders

Answer 24

dysarthria, childhood apraxia of speech, structural anomalies

Question 25

Developmental disorders

Answer 25

substitutions, distortion, deletions, additions, phonological processes (rule-based simplifications)

Question 26

Language disorders - components of language learning (susceptibilities and origins of disorders) - 3+

Answer 26

1) perceptual - initial processing (speech perception; linguistic perception; rapid auditory processing)

2) conceptual - meaning and higher order thinking (memory, reasoning, processing speed, representations)

3) output - planning and execution in language production

Plus: role of the environment (input). Child x environment interaction. Note that language disorders refer to a heterogeneous group, thus making the task of identifying a “cause” very difficult.

Question 27

Warning signs of a language disorder at different ages (4)

Answer 27

infancy – babbling and first words late

18-36 months – one and two-word utterances predominate longer than expected; longer word combinations emerge later than expected

3-5 years – baby talk prolonged; morphological errors; colour and number names late; problems following oral directions

5-7 years – difficulty finding intended words; trouble with use and understanding of spatial and temporal terms and pronouns; other morphological errors

Question 28

Language disorders – most evident in expressive errors in…

Answer 28

morphology. Common areas of difficulty are pronouns, auxiliary verb system and verb tense. May also have limitation in complex syntax, although syntax is typically resilient (except when rearranging words to make more complex sentences).

Question 29

Note: form errors reflect a failure to deduce a rule. What would naturalistic learning do?

Answer 29

would dictate that difficulty can be addressed by making the rule more obvious (increase frequency of occurrence, decreased speech rate, increased stress, clear context) —-> ALL CDS (CDS decreases morphological errors)

Question 30

Disorders of language content - Signs for issues in output or processing

Answer 30

output – does the child sound immature? Do they use adjectives? Do they search for words while speaking?

processing – do they have trouble with comprehending questions? What about humour?

Question 31

A disorder of language content

Answer 31

Dysnomia (word retrieval deficit): pervasive difficulty retrieving items from the lexicon in oral language. Word retrieval impacts oral communication, academics, peer relations. Common characteristic of LLD (language learning disabilities)

Question 32

Disorders of language use - most common difficulties (4)

Answer 32

turn-taking, eye contact, topic maintenance, carrying meaningful discourse