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Anatomy: Exam 3 > Ch.12 Notes/HW questions > Flashcards

Ch.12 Notes/HW questions Flashcards

1
Q

The difference in electrical charges on either side of the cell membrane results in what is referred to as

A

membrane potential

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2
Q

Which type of central nervous system tissue contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglial cells?

A

gray matter

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3
Q

All of the following statements are true for which type of cell?

A

Polarized cell’s: has a charge imbalance across its membrane, includes most cells of the body, and exhibits membrane potential inside which is more negative relative to outside

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4
Q

Na/K -ATP is considered to be an electrogenic pump because

A

it contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

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5
Q

When the threshold of voltage-gated channels is reached and voltage-gates channels open, the resulting change in membrane potential is known as

A

action potential

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6
Q

A depolarizing graded potential

A

makes the membrane less polarized

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7
Q

Saltatory conduction is describes as

A

current passes through a myelinated axon only at the nodes of the ranvier, current occurs at faster rates, voltage-grated channels are concentrated in unmyelinated regions

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8
Q

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A

electrical synapses

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9
Q

An excitatory neurotransmitter ____ the postsynaptic membrane

A

depolarizes

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10
Q

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A

remove a neurotransmitter

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11
Q

A postsynaptic neuron responds to acetylcholine neurotransmitter by creating

A

either EPSP or IPSP

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12
Q

Hearing your cell phone ringing in a quiet lecture hall is an example of which nervous system functions?

A

sensory function

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13
Q

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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14
Q

This type of neuron has one dendrite and one axon emerging from the cell body

A

bipolar neuron

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15
Q

When graded potential summates to threshold at the axon hillock…

A

voltage-graded Na+ channels open rapidly

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16
Q

Which of these allows more potassium to exit the neuron and helps maintaining the resting membrane potential?

A

leak channel

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17
Q

If three depolarizing graded potentials and two hyper polarizing graded potentials occur in a dendrite at the same instant, what is the summation of their potentials equivalent to?

A

one depolarizing graded potential

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18
Q

The nervous system:

A

-works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis
-communicates with the body via action potentials
-is responsible for perceptions and behaviors
-initiates voluntary movements

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19
Q

The generation of a graded potential is by:

A

the momentary opening of mechanically-gates or ligand-gates channels

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20
Q

The dendrites of a neuron:

A

are the main receiving region

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21
Q

Typically graded potentials occur in the…

A

dendrites and cell body

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22
Q

The synapse consists of

A

presynaptic and post synaptic cell membranes separated by a synaptic cleft

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23
Q

Which is NOT part of the central nervous system?

A

spinal nerve

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24
Q

Which is NOT true about the central nervous system?

A

it includes sensory receptors

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25
Q

Which is NOT a function of a neuroglial cell?

A

to generate graded potentials

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26
Q

What are the two main divisions?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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27
Q

what are the subdivisions?

A

sensory and motor neurons

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28
Q

How are they related to each other?

A

through the peripheral nervous system

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29
Q

How is their function related?

A

Sensory neurons brings signals into the CNS and motor neurons carry signals out of the CNS

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30
Q

What is the difference between the somatic senses and the special senses?

A

-Somatic senses: detect touch, pain pressure, temperature, and tension on the skin and internal organs.

-Special senses: detect taste, smell, hearing and sight.

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31
Q

What is the difference between the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

A

-Somatic nervous system: has sensory and motor pathways

-Autonomic nervous system: only has motor pathways

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32
Q

What type of neurons make up the central nervous system?

A

motor neurons

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33
Q

What type of neurons make up the peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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34
Q

What are the 3 different functional divisions of the PNS?

A

Sensory, motor, and autonomic

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35
Q

What type of effectors are innervated by the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscles and glands

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36
Q

What type of effectors are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

37
Q

What is the function of the enteric nervous system?

A
  • helps regulate the activity of the smooth muscle and glands of the digestive canal
  • they communicate and are regulated by the other branches of the ANS
38
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

A

Dendrites, cell body, and axon

39
Q

What is in the cell body?

A

Cytoplasm, cell organelles, nucleus, and Nissl’s organ

40
Q

What is the function of Nissle bodies?

A

Synthesis and segregation of proteins
-regenerate damaged axons

41
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receiving input portions of a neuron

42
Q

What is the function of axons?

A

Responsible for electrical impulses from the neurons and travel away to be received by other neurons

43
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath in the Schwann cells?

A

Each Schwann cell comprises a single myelin sheath on an axon, therefore numerous Schwann cells required myelinated the length of an axon

44
Q

What are synaptic end bulbs and what are their functions?

A
  • contains synaptic vesicles which are filled with neurotransmitters

-When a nerve impulse travels down the axon and reaches the end bulb the neurotransmitter is released into a small space

45
Q

What is a nerve fiber?

A

is a portion of a nerve cell (neuron) that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

46
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons based on number of processes from the cell body?

A

multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar

47
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons based on the function of processes from the cell body?

A

sensory, motor, and inter

48
Q

Where are multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar neurons often located?

A
  • Multipolar: brain and spinal cord
  • Bipolar Neurons: In the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory area of the brain
  • Unipolar: In the ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves
49
Q

Where are Purkinje cells located?

A

in the cerebellum

50
Q

Where are pyramidal cells located?

A

In the cerebral cortex of the brain

51
Q

Which types of neuroglia are in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

52
Q

Which types of neuroglia are in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

53
Q

Which neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

54
Q

Which neuroglia produce myelin sheaths?

A

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

55
Q

Which neuroglia help maintain the appropriate chemical environment for neurons to generate electrical impulses?

A

Astrocytes

56
Q

Which neuroglia functions as phagocytes?

A

Microglial

57
Q

Which neuroglia provide structural support?

A

Satellite cells

58
Q

What makes white matter lighter in color?

A

The myelin gives the white matter its name

59
Q

What makes gray matter the gray color?

A

The Nissle bodies impart a gray color and there is little or no myelin in these areas

60
Q

How are gray and white matter distributed in the brain?

A

In the brain, a thin, superficial shell of gray matter covers the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres

61
Q

How are gray and white matter distributed in the spinal cord?

A

In the spinal cord, gray matter forms an H-shaped inner core that is surrounded by white matter

62
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

It is an electrical potential difference (voltage) across the membrane

63
Q

What is a resting membrane potential?

A

Voltage of excitable cells

64
Q

What are the four types of ion channels in neurons?

A
  1. leak channels
  2. ligand-gates channels
  3. mechanically gated channels
  4. voltage-gated channels
65
Q

What is a polarized cell?

A

A cell that exhibits a membrane potential

66
Q

What type of ion channels are in the cell body and dendrite membrane?

A

Leak channels and ligand-gated channel

67
Q

What type of ion channels are in the axon membrane?

A

voltage-gated channel

68
Q

What is a threshold?

A

A nerve impulse occurs in the membrane of the axon of a neuron when depolarization reaches a certain level

69
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Opening of Na+ channels allows inflow of Na+

70
Q

What is hyper polarization?

A

Is when the membrane potential becomes more negative and thus even farther from the threshold than its resting state

71
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

If a stimulus is strong enough to generate an action potential, the impulse generated is of a constant size

72
Q

Why is the threshold important in an action potential?

A
  • Different neurons may have different thresholds to generate an action potential
  • The generation of a nerve impulse depends on whether a particular stimulus is able to bring the membrane potential to threshold
73
Q

What is happening to the sodium and potassium gates in the other stages of the action potential?

A

During the depolarization stage, 3 sodium gates are going into the the ganglia, and 2 potassium gates are leaving the ganglia .

74
Q

What are some factors that affect the speed of propagation?

A
  • amount of myelination
  • axon diameter
  • temperature
75
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effecter cell

76
Q

What are two kinds of synapses?

A

electrical and chemical.

77
Q

Which type of synapse is faster?

A

electrical

78
Q

Which type of synapse allows for two-way conduction of signals?

A

electrical

79
Q

Which synapse uses neurotransmitters?

A

chemical

80
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

A depolarizing postsynaptic potential

81
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

A hyper polarizing postsynaptic potential

82
Q

What is summation?

A

The process by which graded potentials add together

83
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

The summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at different locations in the membrane of a postsynaptic cell at the same time.

84
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Is summation of postsynaptic potentials in response to stimuli that occur at the same location in the membrane of the postsynaptic cell but at different times.

85
Q

What are the 3 possible outcomes of summation?

A

Depolarizing, repolarizing, and hyperpolarize

86
Q

How is the neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells (neurons and neuroglia).

87
Q

What are some reasons why neurons in the CNS have little or no ability to regenerate?

A
  • Inhibitory influences from neuroglia, particularly oligodendrocytes
    -Absence of growth-stimulating cues that were present during fetal development
  • Rapid formation of scar tissue
88
Q

What are the conditions under which repair is possible in the PNS?

A

If the cell body is intact, Schwann cells are functional, and scar tissue formation does not occur too rapidly

Anatomy: Exam 3 (10 decks)

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