Offending Flashcards
What are the big four risk factors for offending from the central eight?
(HAAA)
- History of offending
- Antisocial attitudes
- Antisocial associates
- Antisocial personality
What are the other four risk factors for offending from the central eight? (Forgetful Sally Loves Singing)
- Family/marital circumstances
- School/work
- Leisure/recreation
- Substance use
Why is helping the offender to accept responsibility for what they’ve done not a target for treatment?
Accepting responsibility doesn’t lower risk
Shame associated with increased risk of reoffending
What are intermediate beliefs?
Where do they come from?
Provide an example
Rules and assumptions that people have about themselves, others, and the world (more accessible to awareness and modification)
Derive from core beliefs
Example, offender with core belief “I’m in control” may have the intermediate belief “Things must be done my way”
How can intermediate beliefs be identified? (3 ways)
- May be spontaneously verbalised or apparent in NATs
- Can be inferred from multiple behaviours or statements
- Can be assessed with a psychometric tool
What is antisocial personality disorder?
Pervasive pattern of disregard and violation of the rights of others beginning in before 15 years (must be 18 years old to receive diagnosis)
What are 4 central characteristics of ASPD? (DIE Motherfucker)
Deceit
Exploitation
Impulsivity
Manipulation
What is the PICTS psychometric tool?
Psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles
Assesses criminal thinking patterns (AKA intermediate beliefs)
How may antisocial thinking patterns be different from those seen in depression and anxiety?
Tendency to minimise responsibility for negative outcomes and underestimate risk
(In contrast to harsh self-criticism and overestimating negative outcomes commonly seen in those with depression and anxiety)
What are schemas and what do they influence?
Networks of core beliefs that can be likened to eyeglasses that colour our perceptions of the world.
Influence perception, motivation, affect, cognition, and behaviour throughout life.
What are 3 typical negative core beliefs that underly mental health problems? (Help Unworthy Willies)
- Helpless
- Unloveable
- Worthless
Why are schemas difficult to modify? (LARG)
Learned early in life
Acquired from a credible source
Reinforced strongly
Global rather than specific to a situation
What are the 3 broad clusters of antisocial intermediate beliefs? (Pussy infected penis)
- Perception of self and others
- Interaction with environment
- Problem solving and decision making
What are two types of perception of self or others intermediate beliefs? (Pimply cock)
Power and control (need to dominate others and have control over situations and the environment; “Nobody can tell me what to do”)
Criminal associates (can relate best to antisocial peers; e.g., “I don’t have anything in common with people who live a straight life”)
What are two types of antisocial intermediate beliefs that relate to interactions with the environment? (Enthralling holiday)
- Excitement seeking (Thrill seeking and lack of tolerance for boredom; e.g., “There’s no better feeling than ram raiding, I get such a rush from it”).
- Hostility toward law and order (Distrust and pessimism regarding laws and regulations; e.g., “Laws are there to hurt you, not help you”)
What are two types of antisocial intermediate beliefs relating to problem solving and decision making?
- Inability to cope (giving up, easily overwhelmed; e.g., “I will never be able to change”
- Poor judgement (tendency to overlook likelihood of negative consequences; e.g., “I’ll sell drugs to fund a legitimate business, I won’t get caught”)
How can group process add value to group therapy? (SHARE commitment)
Self disclosure facilitated by individual members sharing their experiences
“Hot” interpersonal cognitions can be accessed during group sessions
Redirect self-focus to other group members
Experiments (behavioural) and surveys can be done in group sessions
Commitment to attend can be enhanced by forming relationships with other group members
What are 4 dynamic risk factors for sexual offending? (PIES)
Poor cognitive problem solving
Intimacy deficits
Emotional congruence with children
Sexual preoccupation
How is criminal behaviour acquired and maintained according to the general personality and cognitive social learning (GPSL) perspective?
Criminal behaviour is acquired and maintained through a combination of observational learning, operant and classical conditioning.
What determines an individual’s decision to engage in crime in the immediate situation?
Weigh up rewards and costs of engaging in crime, e.g. unemployed person may sell drugs to earn money as they are unable to access rewards through prosocial behaviour (employment)
What are 7 therapist qualities that facilitate change? (FRIEnDS)
Flexibility
Rewarding/encouraging
Interest
Empathy
Supportively challenging
What are therapist qualities that impede change? (SICC)
Support without direction
Inflexibility
Coldness
Confrontation (Aggressive, sarcastic, critical, hostile)
When developing a good life plan, what is the key questions you should ask?
- What are the primary goals the client was trying to pursue via their offending?
- How could they pursue these goals in more adaptive, non-harmful ways?
What are secondary goods?
Provide and example.
The means for obtaining primary human goods.
The primary goods of knowledge and excellence in work may be obtained through the secondary good of completing a building apprenticeship.
What is the direct pathway to offending according to the GLM?
Give an example
Offender actively attempts to directly attain primary goods through criminal behaviour.
E.g., individual who lacks interpersonal skills and opportunities to attain PG of intimacy with an adult may instead attain this through sexual offending.
What is the indirect pathway to offending according to the GLM?
When pursuit of PGs (esp conflict between PGs) creates a ripple effect and leads to offending.
E.g., person who seeks PG of happiness and pleasure through drinking alcohol experiences relationship breakup (conflict between PG of happiness and PG of relationships/intimacy) experiences loneliness, gets intoxicated and has a a fight in a pub
What are the four types of obstacles offenders experience when trying to attain PGs?
- Lack of means
- Lack of scope (Too much emphasis on some PGs while neglecting others)
- Conflict between PGs sought (e.g., conflict between agency/life and living and relatedness)
- Lack of capacities (internal, i.e., skills
/
Knowledge, and external, i.e., supports, resources, employment opportunities)
