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biology > Transport System - QUIZ > Flashcards

Transport System - QUIZ Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Identify all of the parts of the heart in a diagram.

A

On paper / online

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2
Q

What is the pathway of deoxygenated blood? (pulmonary circulation)

A

1 Vena cavae
2 Right atrium (thru AV valve)
3 Right ventricle (thru semilunar pulmonary valve)
4 Pulmonary artery
5 Lungs

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3
Q

What is the pathway of oxygenated blood? (systemic circulation)

A

1 Pulmonary Vein
2 Left atrium (thru AV valve)
3 Left ventricle (thru semilunar aortic valve)
4 Aorta
5 The body

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4
Q

Give reasons for double circulation / double pump.

A
  • Deoxygenated blood pumped to lungs / oxygenated pumped to other organs
  • Each side has atrium and ventricle
  • Left atrium receives blood from lungs and right receives from body tissues
  • Left ventricle pumps blood via aorta / right pumps via pulmonary artery
  • Oxygenated/deoxygenated blood kept separate, all tissues receive blood w high oxygen
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5
Q

Explain the roles of valves in the heart.

A
  • Maintain a one-way flow of blood // prevents back flow
  • Opening / closing controls timing of blood flow
  • closed valves allow ventricles to fill w blood
  • valves open when pressure is higher upstream
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6
Q

Explain the events in one cardiac cycle / one heartbeat.

A
  • The series of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next.
    1 Blood flows freely into ventricles (diastole - 70%)
    2 SA node fires - atrial systole
    3 AV node “waits” then fires - ventricular systole
    4 AV valves close
    5 Semilunar valves close
    6 Diastole - repeat
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7
Q

Explain Atrial and Ventricular systole.

A
  • (after diastole) relaxed chambers filled with blood
  • Atrial systole; contraction of atria, remaining blood is pushed into ventricles
  • Ventricular systole; contraction of ventricles forcing the blood out through the aorta and pulmonary artery
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8
Q

Explain Atrial and Ventricular diastole.

A
  • Atrial diastole: relaxation of the atria, the atria fill with blood from the vena cavae
  • Ventricular diastole: ventricles to fill passively with blood from the atria.
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9
Q

Role of the Sinoatrial Node.

A
  • Located in right atrium
  • Bodys pacemaker
  • Sends out electrical signal (action potential) that stimulates contraction the walls of both atria and then ventricles
  • Epinephrin increases heart rate
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10
Q

Role of Atrioventricular Node.

A
  • “waits”
  • Sends signal thru bundle of his / purkinje fibers into ventricles to contract from bottom up
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11
Q

Outline the reasons for delay between atrial and ventricular contractions.

A
  • Impulses from atria do not pass directly to ventricles
  • Impulses travel via atrioventricular node in wall of right atrium
  • Impulses from AVN sent along bundle of His/purkinje fibers
  • Ensures atria have ejected their blood into ventricles first before they contract
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12
Q

Explain the heart sounds.

A
  • Produced by the closing of valves
  • First sound (lub) is closing of AV valves
  • Second sound (dub) is closing of semilunar valves
  • Healthy heart sounds like “lub-dub”
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13
Q

Review cardiac cycle diagram.

A

slay

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14
Q

Explain the control of the heartbeat / rate.

A
  • Sinoatrial node is a specialized group of muscle cells
  • SAN acts as pacemaker
  • Sends out electrical signal which stimulates contraction of heart muscle
  • Signal passes to AV node then thru walls of ventricles
  • Medulla can change heart rate (increase/decrease) thru signal thru nerves (vagus nerve slows heart rate)
  • Norepinephrine (from adrenal glands) increases heart rate (of contraction)
  • Part of fight or flight
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15
Q

Explain how the structure of cardiac muscle cells are related to their function.

A
  • Intercalated discs; join cells together/resist mechanical stress
  • Gap junctions; allow coordinated contraction
  • Thick/Thin muscle fibers; Forms mechanism for contraction
  • Abundance of mitochondria; Supply energy for continuous contractions
  • Y-Shaped cells; allows for faster coordinated contraction
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16
Q

What happens during the P-wave in an ECG trace?

A
  • Atrial contraction/systole
17
Q

What happens during the QRS wave in an ECG trace?

A
  • Contraction / depolarization of the ventricles
  • Large amplitude due to large ventricular muscle mass
18
Q

What happens during the T-wave in an ECG trace?

A
  • Relaxation/diastole of ventricles
19
Q

How do you calculate heart rate (bpm) using an ECG trace?

A
  • R-R interval gives time it takes for ONE heartbeat
  • DIVIDE 60(sec) by the time of one heart beat(sec)
20
Q

Explain the use of a defibrillator.

A
  • Defibrillator is electrodes placed on patient’s chest
  • Device determines when fibrillation is happening
  • Series of electrical shocks delivered to depolarize heart muscle
  • To re-establish function of SA node
21
Q

Explain the use of an artificial pacemaker.

A
  • A pace maker connects to heart by wires
  • Detects that hearts natural rhythm is incorrect
  • Sends electrical impulses to correct heartbeat
  • Provides a regular rhythm
22
Q

Explain how blood vessel structure is related to its function in arteries.

A
  • Carry blood AWAY from heart at high pressure
  • Narrow lumen (maintain pressure)
  • Thick walls to sustain pressure (3 layers)
  • Elastic fibers recoil in response to heart contraction (maintain pressure)
23
Q

Explain how blood vessel structure is related to its function in veins.

A
  • Veins carry blood to heart at low pressure
  • Veins have large lumen (less resistance for blood flow)
  • Thin walls
  • Valves in veins keep blood flowing to heart / prevent back flow
24
Q

Explain how blood vessel structure is related to its function in capillaries.

A
  • Exchange materials / gases between blood and body tissue at low pressure
  • Narrow diameter (to increase SA/Vol ratio for diffusion)
  • Walls only one cell thick (minimize diffusion distance)
  • Some contain pores (exchange of materials)
25
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

PELP
Plasma - fluid component
Erythrocytes - red blood cells, transport oxygen
Leukocytes - white blood cells, immunity
Platelets - blood clotting

26
Q

What is transported by the blood?

A
  • Nutrients (glucose, lipoproteins etc.)
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
27
Q

Which materials go INTO tissues from the blood?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Nutrients from food (glucose, lipoproteins, vitamins, etc.)
28
Q

Which materials come OUT of tissues and go into the blood?

A
  • Cell debris
  • Carbon Dioxide (metabolic waste)
29
Q

Explain how materials are exchanged between the capillaries and tissues.

A
  • Molecules move by diffusion/concentration gradient
  • Nutrients move into tissues
  • Gas exchange between tissues and capillaries
  • Wastes move from tissues into capillaries
30
Q

Outline the role of valves in veins.

A
  • Prevents back flow
  • Open valves allow blood to flow through
  • Valves open when pressure is higher upstream
  • AV valves prevent back flow into atria
  • Semilunar (pulmonary/aortic) valves prevent back flow from artery to ventricle
31
Q

What is atherosclerosis and how it can cause occlusions and / or clot formation in the coronary arteries?

A
  • Build up of plaque deposits (fats, cholesterol, cell debris etc.) in arteries
  • Fatty diet leads to plaque formation in arteries
  • Plaque breaks off causing damage which activates blood clot formation
  • Clots can cause heart attack
  • Cause of coronary heart disease
32
Q

Explain the consequences of occlusions of the coronary arteries and the risk factors for developing CHD.

A
  • Occurs when there is reduction of oxygen to the heart muscle
    Consequences; clots can cause heart attack / thrombosis
    Risks; obesity / smoking / genetics
33
Q

Explain how to measure blood pressure.

A
  • Blood pressure monitor
  • First sound is systolic pressure
  • No more sound is diastolic pressure
34
Q

State the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures.

A
  • BOTH are the force of the blood on arteries
  • Systolic pressure is when ventricles contract
  • Diastolic pressure is when heart is relaxed
35
Q

Sate the causes and consequences of hypertension.

A

Cause; high blood pressure / high salt diet
Consequence; stroke / heart attack

biology (16 decks)

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