Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histo > Exam 2 | Blood, Adipose, Cartilage And Bone > Flashcards

Exam 2 | Blood, Adipose, Cartilage And Bone Flashcards

1
Q

General features of Adipose tissue are: ____(A)____ (cells) and they have increased ___(B)___, and __(C)_______.

A

A. Adipocyte
B. Increased Blood Vessels
C. Increased Innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Key Features for Adipose are:
(4 features) A, B, C, & D.

A

A. Stores Fat
B. Provides Insulation
C. Makes up 15-20% of Body Weight
D. Adipocyte Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Adypocytes originate from __________ _________ as lipoblasts.

A

Embryonic Mesenchyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What hormone is produced by adipocytes?

A

Leptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does leptin do in the body?

A

regulates appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of Adipocytes?

A

Unilocular (white) and Multilocular (Brown)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does Adipose store fat?

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Triglycerides have three distinct features. What are they?

A

Insoluble in water
2x caloric density as proteins and Carbs
Concentrated as lipid droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F
Adipose tissue works as a filler tissue to maintain organ placement.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Embryonic mesenchyme create ___________ which develop to form adipose tissue.

A

Lipoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where would you find more surface adipose on the body? What is the purpose?

A

Purpose: Protection from abrasion, cushioning
Areas: eyeball, palm of hand, sole of foot,
(other areas: heart, adrenal gland)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The primary fiber in the matrix is…

A

Reticular Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adipocytes specialize in concentrating triglycerides as ___________.

A

Lipid Droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Unilocular Adipose and its features?

A
  • White adypocytes
  • single, large regions of adipose cells that are highly vascularized
  • Single lipid droplet of triglycerides.
  • nucleus and cell contents pushed to periphery of cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is multilocular adipose and its features?

A
  • Brown adipocytes
  • many small lipid droplets
  • centrally located nucleus
  • abundant mitochodria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the balance of White adipose tissue in adults vs. children?

A

Increase in production in first 10 years of life - produces little or none after.
99% of adipose tissue adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When is brown adipose tissue prevalent?

A

As children - 1% of adipose tissue in adults is multilocular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Within the mitochondria, white adipose tissue produces what?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe how white adipose tissue produces ATP in the mitochondria?

A

Facilitates proton transfer from the intermembrane to the Matrix of cell by utilizing ATP Synthetase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the mitochondria in brown adipose is responsible for?

A

Heat Production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the process of heat production within the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue.

A

Proton transfer from intermembrane to matrix WITHOUT ATP SYNTHETASE (uncoupling factor) to produce thermogenin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define Caveolae.

A

Invaginations or depressions in the cell membrane. Play an important role in lipid trafficking as adipocytes are constantly collecting lipid droplets from its surrounding as it grows in size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A Mesenchymal stem cell is the progenitor cell for both ___(A)_____ & ___(B)___ in which ____(B)____ are the progenitor cells for adipocytes.

A

A. Fibroblasts
B. Lipoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

White adipose tissue have 4 functions. What are they?

A
  • Energy storage
  • Insulation
  • Cushioning the vital organs
  • Secretion of hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Insulation of the body occurs where?

A

hypodermis, subcutaneously in abdomen, buttocks and thighs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where does cushioning occur in the kidney?

A

Retroperitoneal space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The hormone angiotensinogen is secreted by white adipose tissue, what is its function?

A

causes vasoconstriction and regulates BP.
- Too much secreted causes an Increase in BP and lead to hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The hormone adiponectin is secreted by white adipose tissue, what is its function?

A

Regulates fatty acid breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What kind of nucleus would one find in a brown adipose tissue?

A

leptochromatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What comprises the Matrix in blood cells?

A

ground substance and fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Another name for the matrix in the blood?

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the most common protein in plasma?

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is albumin produced and what does it do?

A

Produced in Liver
Binds to H20 and transports fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the three types of Gobulin cells in Plasma?

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the purpose of Alpha Globulin?

A

Produce HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Purpose of Beta Gobulin? (2 answers)

A

Produces LDL by:
a. uses Transferin & Fe in the production of Hemoglobin
b. provides Prothrombin as a clotting factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is another name for Gamma Globulins and Why?

A

“Immunoglobulins”

provides antibodies that are produced by plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the non-protein components in Plasma?

A

Electrolytes, Glucose, HDL, LDL, Vitamins and Trace Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

HDL and LDL is produced in what organ?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When looking at the make up of blood cells, what percentage are RBC’s?

A

44%

Expressed as hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

White blood cells are made up of two types of cells, what are they?

A

Granulocytes & Agranulocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes in WBC’s?

A

Neutraphils
Eosinophils
Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The two types of Agranulocytes in WBC’s are…

A

Lymphocytes & Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe this “formula”

Plasma - Fibrin = Serum

A

Matrix of Blood - Blood Fibers = Ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What purpose does fibrin have in the blood?

A

Blood Fibers contribute to blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How much blood is found in the human body?

A

6 Liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

When looking at the make up of Blood, what is the percentage of Plasma?

A

55%

48
Q

What are the cellular components of Blood (not plasma), and their percentages?

A

45% Blood Volume:
- Buffy Coat 1%: WBC, Platelets
- RBC’s 44%

49
Q

What nutrient in plasma is responsible for RBC synthesis and is released by the kidneys?

A

Erythropoietin

50
Q

How long do RBC’s live?

A

120 days

51
Q

What organ filters dead RBC’s

A

Spleen

52
Q

What is the scientific name for RBC?

A

Erythrocyte

53
Q

What are reticulocytes? What are their characteristics?

A

Premature RBC
- Increase in # indicates hemolysis (bleeding, rupture)
- Enter ciruculation through bone marrow sinusoidal capillaries & mature within 1-2 days

54
Q

What is hemoglobin made of?

A

2 Alpha globulin and 2 beta globulin
1 heme per globulin chain required

Transferin brings Fe2 for production

55
Q

4 types of anemia described in lecture are?

A
  • Blood loss Anemia
  • Hemolytic Anemia (genetic: Sickle Cell, Thalassemia)
  • Deficiency Anemia (Deficiency of Fe2)
    -Erythrocytosis (Increased RBC as adaption to Low O2 levels in higher altitudes)
56
Q

Scientific name for WBC’s?

A

Leukocytes

57
Q

What percentage of blood are comprised of WBC’s?

A

1-2%

58
Q

Another name for platelets are:

A

thrombocytes

59
Q

What are enzyme filled granules or vesicles?

A

Lysosomes

60
Q

What are platelets derrived from?

A

megakaryocytes

61
Q

The progenitor cell for erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes is?

A

Hemocytoblast

hemotopoetic stem cell

62
Q

What is the lifespan of a neutrophil?

A

1-4 days

63
Q

What is the lifespan of a eosinophil?

A

1-4 weeks

64
Q

What is the lifespan of a basophil?

A

Several months

65
Q

What is the lifespan of a monocyte?

A

A few weeks to a few months

66
Q

What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?

A

Years

67
Q

Describe the nucleus of a neutrophil?

A

3-5 lobes

68
Q

What is the function of a neutrophil?

A

Kills and defends against bacteria (phagocytosis)

69
Q

Describe the granules of a neutrophil?

A

Neutral/Colourless

70
Q

What is the tissue interaction of a neutrophil?

A

Signal as needed

71
Q

What cells are terminal?

A

-Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophil (also RBCs)

72
Q

What cells are non-terminal?

A

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

73
Q

Which cells are bilobed and how do you differentiate between cells?

A

-Eosinophil
-Basophil: Covered by granules/rarely seen

74
Q

What is the function of a eosinophil?

A

Defend body from worms and digest histamines

75
Q

Describe the granules of eosinophils?

A

Pink

76
Q

Which cells constantly interact with the tissues?

A

Eosinophil, basophil, monocytes, lymphocytes

77
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

Modulate inflammation (releases histamine)

78
Q

Describe the granules of basophils?

A

Blue/Purple (Cover the nucleus)

79
Q

Describe the nucleus of a monocyte?

A

Folded nucleus

80
Q

What is the function of a monocyte?

A

Immune defence and tissue repair

“Big Guns”

81
Q

Describe the nucleus of the lymphocyte?

A

Large nucleus

82
Q

What is the function of a lymphocyte?

A

Adaptive immunity

83
Q

What is the function of a RBC?

A

Gas transport

84
Q

Functions of Ca++

A

-Muscle Contraction, AP Transmission, Bone/Teeth Structure, Oocyte activation, blood clotting

85
Q

Functions of Na+

A

Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, and other metabolic functions

86
Q

Functions of K+

A

Creation of resting potential, participation in sodium-potassium pump, maintenance of intercellular fluid balance, muscle/heart contractions

87
Q

Functions of Mg+

A

Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor of many enzymes, ATP synthesis/usage, DNA/RNA synthesis

88
Q

The lacunae of bone contain:
A. Bone Marrow
B. Blood Cells
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteons

A

C. Osteocytes

89
Q

Lining that covers compact bone:
A. Epimysium
B. Periosteum
C. Endosteum
D. Pericardium

A

B. Periosteum

90
Q

Lining of marrow cavity:
A. Epimysium
B. Periosteum
C. Endosteum
D. Perichondrium

A

C. Endosteum

91
Q

What is hematopoiesis?
A. A process that takes place in yellow marrow
B. Formation of bone cells
C. A process that is part of the muscular system
D. Formation of blood cells

A

D. Formation of blood cells

92
Q

A condition that produces the reduction of bone mass sufficient to make bone brittle?
A. Osteopenia
B. Osteoporosis
C. Ossification
D. Osteolysis

A

B. Osteoporosis

93
Q

Cells that synthesize (build) bone:
A. Osteoclasts
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteolysis

A

B. Osteoblasts

94
Q

What runs though the central canal of an osteon?
A. Bone Marrow
B. Lacunae
C. Blood Vessels
D. Lamellae

A

C. Blood vessels

95
Q

Which of the following cells is not found on the bone surface?
A. Osteoclast
B. Osteoblasts
C. Osteocytes
D. Osteoprogenitor Cell

A

C. Osteocytes

96
Q

Where do osteocytes reside?
A. Lamellae
B. Lacunae
C. Canaliculi
D. Haversian Canal

A

B. Lacunae

97
Q

Which is the most common cartilage type in the body?
A. Hyaline Cartilage
B. Elastic Cartilage
C. Fibrocartilage

A

A. Hyaline Cartilage

98
Q

Which type of cartilage can grow only by interstititial growth?
A. Hyaline Cartilage
B. Fibrocartilage
C. Elastic Cartilage

A

B. Fibrocartilage

99
Q

Which of the following cell types are “ Alive”?
A. Chondroblasts
B. Chondrogenic Cells
C. Chondrocytes
D. All are Alive

A

D. All are alive

100
Q

Inter-territorial martix has proportionately less fibers
(True or False)

A

False

101
Q

What happens when a chondroblast undergoes shrinking?
(Can be multiple)
A. Lacuna appears next to the cell
B. It secretes more proteins in the martix
C. It shrinks because it is dying
D. It remains alive and maintains ability to divide

A

A. Lacuna appears next to the cell
D. It remains alive and maintains the ability to divide

102
Q

Which of the following is an example of Fibrocartilage?
A. Epiglottis
B. Articular cartilage
C. Meniscus
D. Epiphyseal Plate

A

C. Meniscus

103
Q

Interstitial Lamellae are older concentric Lamellae after bone remodelling (True/False)

A

True

104
Q

Perichondrium is only found around hyaline (except Articular) and elastic cartilages (True/False)

A

True

105
Q

Haversian Canals contain both blood vessels and nerves (True/False)

A

True

106
Q

Hyaline Cartilage is the most common cartilage type in the body (True/False)

A

True

107
Q

Hematopoiesis takes place in Fibrocartilage (True/False)

A

False

108
Q

Calcium hydroxyapatite is the primary bone marterial (True/False)

A

True

109
Q

Canaliculi help transport nutrients from one concentric Lamellae to another (True/False)

A

True

110
Q

The smallest structural unit of spongy bone is Trabecula (True/False)

A

False

111
Q

Functions of Cartilage

A

-Mechanical Shock Absorber (Hyaline)
-Provide the smooth lining of joints
-Respiratory Tract and Bronchial Tree Formation
-Model for Bone Growth (Endochondiral Ossification)
-Cushion and Tensile Strength
-Strength/Support of Soft Tissue (Ie.Ear Pinna)

112
Q

Describe Interstitial Cartilage Growth

A

-Fibrocartilage
-Early Years
-Type II and Type I Cartilage
-Divide/Secrete Martix

113
Q

Describe Appositional Cartilage Growth

A

-Elastic and Hyaline Cartilage
-Type II Collagen and Elastic Fibers
-Perichondrium (“Outside-In” Growth)
-Life Long

114
Q

Differences between elastic cartilage and Fibrocartilage?

A

1) Collagen Fibers
-elastic: Type II and elastic
-Fibrocartilage: Type II and Type I
2) Perichondrium
-elastic: Perichondrium present (Appositional growth)
-Fibrocartilage: Perichondrium absent (Interstitial growth)
3) Locations
-Elastic: Auditory canal, ear pinna, and epiglottis
-Fibrocartilage: Meniscus, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
4) Formation of chondroblasts/chondrocytes
-Elastic: Clutsters
-Fibrocartilage: Rows

115
Q

Examples of Hyaline Cartilage

A

-Articular surfaces of Diarthrosis
-Ventral ends of ribs
-Respiratory tract and wall of bronchial tree
-cartilage of the nose
-cartilage of the larynx
-Endochondial ossification
-Epipheseal plate

116
Q

Differences between Compact and Spongy Bone

A

1) Units
-Compact: Haversian Canals and Osteocytes
-Spongy: Trabeculae and Spicules
2) Weight
-Compact: Heavy
-Spongy: Spaces make bone light, but sturdy
3) Minerals
-Compact: Haversian canal supplies blood to caniculi
-Spongy: Hollow spaces allow for easy movement of blood vessels and bone marrow. Also allows for movement of calcium and phosphorus quickly
4) Prescence of Caniculi
-Compact: Caniculi present
-Spongy: Caniculi absent

117
Q

Differences between osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

1) Function
-Osteoblasts: Bone formation
-Osteoclasts: Maintenence, repair, bone remodelling
2) Nucleus
-Osteoblasts: Mononucleated
-Osteoclasts: Multinucleated
3) Secretion
-Osteoblasts: Secretes the extracellular matrix
-Osteoclasts: Secretes Acids (Acid Phosphotase/ Cathepsin K)
4) Origin
-Osteoblasts: Periosteum
-Osteoclasts: Moncytes
5) Presence of Lacuna
-Osteoblasts: Absent
-Osteoclasts: Present as bony depression (Howship’s lacuna)

Histo (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions