Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Freshman Exams :,,) > Psych Exam 2 > Flashcards

Psych Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Affect

A

Any emotional feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Central drive system

A

A set of neurons in the brain that most directly promotes a specific motivational state or drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Central state theory of mind

A

The most direst physiological bases for motivational states lie in neural activity in the brain. According to most versions of this theory, different drives correspond to activity in different, localizable sets of neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

circadian rhythm

A

Any cyclic physiological or behavioral change that has a period of about one day even in the absence of external cues signaling the time of day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

discrete emotion theory

A

The belief that basic emotions are innate and associated with distinctive boldly and facial reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dopamine

A

One of many neurotransmitter substances in the brains. It is crucial for wanting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

emotion

A

A subjective feeling that is experienced as directed toward some particular object or event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endorphins

A

Chemicals produced in the body that act like morphine in inhibiting pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Homeostasis

A

The constancy in the body’s internal environment that must be maintained through the expenditure of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mood

A

A free floating emotional feeling, not directed at a specific object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

motivation

A

The entire constellation of factor, some inside the organism and some outside, that cause an individual to behave in a particular time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

motivational state

A

An internal, reversible condition in an individual that orients the individual toward one or another type of goal. This condition is not observed directly but is inferred from the individuals behavior, also called a drive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

regulatory drive

A

Sleep, hunger, thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Non Rem sleep

A

stages 1-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

REM Sleep

A

The recurring stage of sleep during which the EEG resembles that of an alert person, rapid eye movement, the large muscles of the body are relaxed, and true dreams are most likely to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

non regulatory drive

A

Sex, achievement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

principles of motivation

A

Motivational state; regulatory: safety drives, reproductive, social, educative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of drive

A

Different drives correspond to neural activity in different but overlapping central drive systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

liking vs. wanting reward

A

Dopamine is essential for want but not for liking. Endorphins are responsible for liking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hunger

A

Appetite stimulating and appetite-supressing neurons. Eating a large meal causes physiological changes. Leptin helps regulate body weight by action on the hypothalamus to reduce appetite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sleep

A

Most true dreams occur is REM sleep and sleep thought occurs in non-REM sleep. Light synchronizes the internal clock with the light-dark cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Emotions

A

Affect is the degree of arousal and degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness. Psychologists have no consensus on how to classify emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

theory of emotion

A

Emotional feeling precedes and causes bodily arousal. Intensity of the emotional feeling depends on bodily response, but the type of emotion experienced depends on the cognitive assessment of the external stimulus situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Absolute threshold

A

The faintest stimulus of a given sensation that an individual can detect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Amplitude

A

The amount of physical energy or force exerted by a physical stimulus at any given moment. Related to loudness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Basilar membrane

A

A flexible membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear: the wave-like movement of this structure in response to sound stimulated the receptor cells for hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Cochlea

A

A coiled structure in the inner ear which the receptor cells for hearing are located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Difference threshold

A

The minimal difference that must exist between two otherwise similar stimuli for an individual to detect them as different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Frequency

A

Any form of energy that changes in a cyclic or wave like way, the number of cycles or waves that occur during a standard unit of time. Related to pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hair cells

A

The receptor cells of hearing, which are arranged un rows along the basilar membrane of the cochlea in the inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Outer ear

A

The pinna and the auditory canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Perception

A

The recognition, organization, and meaningful interpretation of sensory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

pheromones

A

A chemical that is released by an animal and that acts on other members of the species to promote so,e specific behavioral or physiological response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Phonemes

A

The various vowel and consonant sounds that provide basis for spoken language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Pitch

A

The quality of the sensation of a sound that is most relayed to the frequency of the physical sound stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Psychophysics

A

The scientific study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and the sensory experiences that the stimuli produces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Sensory adaption

A

The temporary decrease in sensitivity to sensory stimulation that occurs when a sensory system is stimulated for a period of time, and the temporary increase in sensitivity that occurs when a sensory system is not stimulated for a period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Sensory area

A

Areas of the brain’s cerebral cortex that receive and analyze input from the body’s senses. Separate sensory areas exist for each distinct sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Biological structures that respond to physical stimuli by producing electrical charges that can initiate neural impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The detection of a sensory stimulus is dependent upon both the physical intensity of the stimulus and the physiological state of the perceiver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which a receptor cell produces an electrical change in response to physical stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Sensory processes

A

Physical stimulus, physiological response, sensory experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Sensory receptors respond to physical stimuli with electrical changes, called transduction. Electrical changes can trigger action potentials in sensory neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Taste

A

6 types of taste: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami, and fat. Taste receptors can trigger neural impulses in taste sensory neurons, which send input to the primary taste area in the frontal lobe and to other parts of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Pain

A

C Fibers and A Delta fibers, two types of pain sensory neurons, mediate two different waves of pain. A delta fibers are responsible for strong and fast pressures. C fibers mediate slower pain. A Delta fibers are myelinated and thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Amplitude Vs Frequency

A

Amplitude is related to the loudness. Frequency is relayed to pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Anatomy of Outer Ear

A

Pinna and auditory canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Anatomy of Middle Ear

A

Ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) and oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Anatomy of Inner Ear

A

Cochlea, basilar membrane, hair cells, tectorial membrane, auditory neurons, auditory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Binocular Disparity

A

The cue for depth perception that stems from the separate views that the two eyes have have of any given visual object or scene. The farther ways object is, the more similar are the two views of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Blind Spot

A

The place in the retina of the eye where the axons of visual sensory neurons come together to form the optic nerve. Because the blind spot lacks reception cells, light that strikes it is not seen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cone vision

A

The high acuity color vision that occurs in moderate to bright light and is mediated by cones in he retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Cones

A

Operate in moderate to bright light and are most important for the perception of color and fine detail

55
Q

Rods

A

The class of receptor cells for vision that are located in the peripheral portions of the retina (away from the fovea) and more most important for seeing in very dim light

56
Q

Cornea

A

The curved, transparent tissue at the front of the eyeball that helps to focus light rays as they first enter the eye

57
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

The increased visual sensitivity that occurs when the eyes are exposed for a period of rime to dimmer light than was present before the adaptation period

58
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Any neuron in the brain that responds to a specific property of a visual stimulus, such as color, orientation, movement, shape and contour

59
Q

Figure

A

The portion of a visual scene that draws the perceiver’s attention and is interpreted as an object rather than as the background

60
Q

Fovea

A

The pinhead size area of the retina of he eye in which the cones are concentrated that is specialized for high visual acuity

61
Q

Fusiform face area

A

Part of the human temporal cortex that us specialized for recognizing familiar faces

62
Q

Similarity

A

similar elements are visually grouped, regardless of their proximity to each other

63
Q

Law of continuity

A

the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines, regardless of how the lines were actually drawn.

64
Q

Closure

A

the idea that your brain will fill in the missing parts of a design or image to create a whole.

65
Q

Proximity

A

how close elements are to one another.

66
Q

figure/ground principle

A

takes advantage of the way the brain processes negative space.

67
Q

The law of symmetry

A

your brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible.

68
Q

Ground

A

The portion of visual scene that is interpreted as the background rather than as the object of attention

69
Q

Iris

A

The colored donut shaped structure in the eye located behind the cornea and in front of the lens that’s controls the size of the pupil and in that way controls the amount of light that can enter the eye’s interior

70
Q

Law of Complimentary

A

The observation that certain Paris of limited wavelength lights that produce different colors when mixed

71
Q

Lens

A

The transparent structure behind the iris that helps focus light that passes through the pupil

72
Q

Light adaptation

A

The decreased visual sensitivity that occurs when the eyes are exposed for a period of time to brighter light than was present before the adaptation period

73
Q

Multisensory integration

A

The integration of information from different senses by the nervous system

74
Q

Opponent process theory

A

A theory of color vision designed by Hering to explain the law of complimentary, units cancel out the perception of color when two complementary wavelength ranges are superimposed

75
Q

Own-race bias

A

The tendency to more easily recognize and remember members of other races

76
Q

Parallel processing

A

The early steps in the analysis of sensory information that act simultaneously on all of the stimulus elements that are available at any given moment

77
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Specialized light detecting cells connected to the nervous system in many multicellular animals. They are rods and cones

78
Q

Primary visual area

A

The area in the rearmost part of the occipital lobe that receives input from the optic nerve and sends output to other visual processing areas of the bran

79
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

An inability to recognize the faces of familiar people

80
Q

Pupil

A

The hole in the center of the iris of the eye through which light passes

81
Q

Retina

A

A thin membrane of cells that lines the rear interior of the eyeball; it contains the receptor cells for vision

82
Q

Reversible figure

A

A visual stimulus in which any given part Iris seen sometimes as the figure and other tines as the ground

83
Q

Rhodopsin

A

The photochemical in rods that undergoes structural changes in response to light and thereby initiates the transduction process for rod vision

84
Q

Rod vision

A

The low acuity, high sensitivity, no color vision that occurs in dim light and is mediated by rods in the retina of the eye

85
Q

Serial processing

A

The steps in the processing of sensory information that operate sequentially an item at a time, on the available sensory information

86
Q

Texture gradient

A

A pictorial cue for perceiving depth in which the gradual change in size and density of textured elements indicate depth

87
Q

How we see color

A

Objects appear colored because their pigments absorb some wavelengths from white and reflect others

88
Q

Visual pathway

A

Occipital lobe takes place through the what (object recognition), temporal lobe takes place through where and how (moving around objects).

89
Q

Behavior analysis

A

The use of principles of operant conditioning to predict behavior. From this perspective, one has achieved understanding to the degree to which one can predict and influence future occurrences of behavior

90
Q

Behaviorism

A

A school of psychological thought that holds that the proper subject of study is observable behavior, not the mind, and that behavior should be understood in terms of its relationship to observable events

91
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A training procedure or learning experience in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a reflexive response through it’d bring paired with another stimulus that already elicits that reflexive response

92
Q

Conditioned response

A

A reflexive response that is elicited by a stimulus because of the previous pairing of that stimulus with another stimulus that already elicits a reflexive response

93
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that comes to elicit a reflexive response because its previous pairing with another stimulus that already elicits a reflexive response

94
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Any conditioning in which the response is always reinforced

95
Q

Critical period

A

A relatively restricted time period in an individual’s development during which a particular form of learning can best occur

96
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

A stimulus that serves as a signal that a particular response will produce a particular reinforcer

97
Q

Drug tolerance

A

The phenomenon by which a drug produces successively smaller physiological and behavioral effects, at any given dose, if it is taken repeatedly

98
Q

Extinction

A

The gradual disappearance of conditioned reflex that results when a conditioned stimulus occurs repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

99
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which a fixed period of time must elapse after each reinforced response before it produces a reinforcer

100
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which a response must be produced a certain fixed number of times before it produces a reinforces

101
Q

Generalization

A

A stimulus that resembles a conditioned stimulus will elicit the conditioned rejoins even though it has never been paired with the unconditioned stimulus

102
Q

Habituation

A

The decline in the magnitude or likelihood of a reflexive response that occurs when the stimulus is repeated several or many times in succession

103
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that responses that produce a satisfying effect un a particular situation become more likely to recur in that situation, and responses that produces a discomforting effect become less likely to recur in that situation

104
Q

Operant responses

A

A training or learning process by which the consequence of behavioral response affects the likelihood that the individual will produce that response again

105
Q

Overjustification effect

A

The phenomenon in which a person who initially performs a task for no reward becomes less likely to perform that task for no reward after a period during which they have been rewarded for performing it

106
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

Any condition in which the response sometimes produces a reinforces and sometimes does not

107
Q

Positive punishment

A

The type of punishment in which the presentation of a stimulus when a response occurs decreases the likelihood that the response will recur

108
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

The condition in which a response results in a positive reinforcer

109
Q

Positive reinforcer

A

A stimulus such as food or money that is presented after a response and that increases the likelihood that the response will recur

110
Q

Punishment

A

The process through which the consequence of a response decreases the likelihood that the response will recur

111
Q

Reflex

A

A simple, automatic response sequence mediated by the nervous system

112
Q

Reinforcement

A

The presentation of a positive reinforcer or removal of a negative reinforcer when a response occurs which increases the likelihood that the subject will repeat the response

113
Q

Reinforcer

A

Any stimulus change that occurs after a response and tends to increase rage likelihood that the response will be repeated

114
Q

Response

A

Any well-defined behavioral action, especially one that is elicited by some form of environment stimulation or provocation

115
Q

Shaping

A

A procedure in which successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the response finally occurs

116
Q

Social learning

A

Learning occurring in a situation in which one individual comes to behave similarly to another

117
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The retune of a conditioned response that had previously undergone extinction

118
Q

Stimulus

A

An element of the environment that can potentially act on an individual’s nervous system and thereby influence the individuals behavior

119
Q

Learning

A

A link between CS and response is learned. Association between C and UC Stimulus. Conditioned stimulus is a reliable predictor of the US

120
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any process that increases likelihood of response occurring
Positive: arrival of stimulus makes response happen more frequently
Negative: removal of stimulus makes response happen more frequently

121
Q

Punishment

A

Any process that decreases the likelihood of something happening again
P: receiving
N: removal

122
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Discriminative stimulus will increase response. Changing the probability that response will be repeated by manipulating consequences of response

123
Q

Symbolic play

A

“As if” scenarios in humans

124
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Unconditional Stimulus

125
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

Varies unpredictably around time

126
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

Every nth response

127
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Varies unpredictably around average time

128
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

varies according to average

129
Q

Pavlov’s work

A

Experiments on dogs using meat paste

130
Q

Thorndike’s puzzle box

A

Cat box and escaping with a petal

131
Q

Skinner’s “Skinner box”

A

Rats learning to push a button

132
Q

Reinforcement

A

Any process that increases likelihood of response occurring
Positive: arrival of stimulus makes response happen more frequently
Negative: removal of stimulus makes response happen more frequently

133
Q

Fixed Interval

A

Varies unpredictably around average time

134
Q

Law of continuity

A

the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines, regardless of how the lines were actually drawn.

Freshman Exams :,,) (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions