Tumour Pathology 3 Flashcards
What are the systemic effects of malignant tumours
Secretion of hormones - abnormal or normal
Weight loss- cachexia
Paraneoplastic syndromes
Effects of treatment
What is normal hormone production by tumours?
Produced by tumours of endocrine organ - abnormal control of hormone
What is abnormal hormone production by tumours?
The Production of hormones by a tumour from an organ that does not normally produce it
What are examples of abnormal hormone secretions
ADH - water retention
ACTH - cortisol secretion from adrenal gland
PTH - hypercalcaemia (higher calcium)
What are paraneoplasmic syndromes?
Cannot be explained by local metastatic effects of tumours
Why is the early detection of cancer important?
Reduce morbidity/mortality
detect cancer before invasion
What is dysplasia?
pre-malignant change
earliest change in process of malignancy that can be visualised
Where is dysplasia found?
epithelium, no invasion but can progress to cancer
What are the features of dysplasia?
Disorganisation of cells
Increased nuclear size
Abnormal mitoses
Grading exists - high grade and low grade
As soon as invasion is present, dysplasia is known as?
Cancer
What is the cervical cancer screening used to reduce?
Incidence of squamous carcinoma of cervix
What is the cervical cancer screening used to detect?
Dysplastic cells from squamous epithelium of cervix
Explain early detection of cancer and principles of screening
Decreases mortality/morbidity
Identify tumour before it can become cancer/malignant
What are the local effects of benign and malignant tumours?
Brain - confusion, coma seizure
Colon - haemorrhage, constipation, diarrhoea
Bone - anaemia, fracture, pain
Lung - haemoptysis (coughing blood), dyspnoea (Breathing difficulties)
Spine - paralysis, paraesthesia (tingling)
Liver - coagulopathy (no blood coagulation), jaundice (yellow eye)
Side effects - immunosuppression, Fatigue, hair loss
