C2 - Structure and Bonding

Question 1

Ionic bonding occurs when ____ are combined with _____.

Answer 1

metals, non-metals
(either order)

Question 2

Define ions

Answer 2

Ions are charged atoms that have lost or gained electrons to gain a full outer shell

Question 3

Do non-metals lose or gain electrons to form ions?

Answer 3

They gain electrons (to form negative ions)

Question 4

Do metals lose or gain electrons to form ions?

Answer 4

They lose electrons (to form positive ions)

Question 5

Give three properties of ionic compounds and describe why they are that way

Answer 5

High melting/boiling points
-strong electrostatic force of attraction so it requires a lot of energy to break
Soluble
-ions can move THROUGH THE STRUCTURE
Conducts electricity when molten or in solution
-ions are free to move THROUGH THE STRUCTURE

Question 6

Define covalent bonding

Answer 6

sharing a pair of electrons

Question 7

Covalent bonding occurs when ____ are combined with _____.

Answer 7

non-metals, non-metals

Question 8

Why do covalent compounds have low melting/boiling points?

Answer 8

The intermolecular forces between molecules are weak.

Question 9

Give some properties of a diamond lattice

Answer 9

Rigid structure, each atom forms 4 bonds, very hard and high melting point(strong covalent bonds - needs lots of energy to break), can’t conduct electricity (no free electrons)

Question 10

Give some properties of a graphite lattice

Answer 10

layers, each atom forms 3 bonds, soft (layers slip and slide), high melting point (strong covalent bonds), can conduct electricity (has free electrons)

Question 11

Give some properties of a graphene lattice

Answer 11

single layer, transparent, very strong, good conductor of electricity (free electrons)

Question 12

What element are all giant covalent lattices made out of?

Answer 12

Carbon

Question 13

Define polymer

Answer 13

a long chain made of monomers

Question 14

Define monomer

Answer 14

small molecule that make up a polymer

Question 15

Name some uses of nanoparticles:

Answer 15

nanomedicine, cosmetics, electronics

Question 16

nanoparticles have a very high _____________, making them _______.

Answer 16

surface area to volume ratio, hollow

Question 17

Metallic bonding occurs when ____ are combined with _____.

Answer 17

metals, metals

Question 18

Give 3 properties of metals and explain why they are like that

Answer 18

High m/b point
-strong electrostatic force of attraction between +metal ions and -electrons
Good conductor
-free electrons can flow THROUGH THE STRUCTURE
Malleable when heated
-layers can slip and slide

Question 19

Define an alloy

Answer 19

A mixture containing a metal

Question 20

Give three properties of metals and describe how they’re different in alloys

Answer 20

-m/b point is lower because bonds between atoms are weaker
-conductivity is decreased because electrons flow less easily THROUGH THE STRUCTURE
-less malleable because layers are distorted so it’s harder to slip and slide

Question 21

Describe metallic bonding (describe diagram)

Answer 21

layers of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons