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LARGE ANIMAL SURGERY > General Considerations > Flashcards

General Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of fasting recommendations for ruminants prior to surgery?

A

Decrease rumen size and decrease pressure on the diaphragm

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2
Q

Milk should not be withheld from neonates prior to surgery because of concern for _____.

A

Hypoglycemia

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3
Q

General guidelines for fasting adult ruminants prior to surgery:

  • Off roughage ____ hours
  • Off grain ____ hours
  • Off water ____ hours
A

Roughage 48 hours
Grain 24 hours
Water 12 hours

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4
Q

(Timing)

If giving antimicrobials prior to surgery, administer ____ IV or _____ IM.

A

15 minutes prior IV
1 hour prior IM

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5
Q

What is the only anesthetic drug approved for use in cattle?

A

Lidocaine
All other drugs are considered ELDU

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6
Q

6 classes of anesthetic/analgesics

A

Opioids
Alpha-2 agonists
NMDA receptor antagonist
Benzodiazepines
Local anesthetics
NSAIDs

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7
Q

List three opioids used in LA surgery.

A

Butorphanol
Morphine
Fentanyl patches

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8
Q

List two alpha-2 agonists used in LA surgery.

A

Xylazine
Detomidine

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9
Q

Butorphanol is used for:

A

Sedation, pain control

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10
Q

What is the effect of morphine in ruminants?

A

Moderate analgesic effects

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11
Q

Fentanyl patches provide:

A

Analgesic / post operative pain management

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12
Q

Xylazine is used for:

A

Sedation / immobilization

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13
Q

What do you use to reverse xylazine?

A

Yohimbine, atipamezole

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14
Q

What are side effects of xylazine?

A

Bradycardia
Hypertension followed by hypotension
Decreased pulmonary blood flow
Increased urine production

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15
Q

Ketamine is a _________ anesthetic and has a __________ effect when administered in a subanesthetic dose.

A

Dissociative anesthetic
Potent analgesic effect

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16
Q

Is ketamine approved by the FDA for use in food animals?

A

No

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17
Q

Recovery from ketamine may include: (4)

A

Spastic jerking movements
Tremors
Emesis
Hypersalivation

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18
Q

Ketamine is commonly used in combination with _____, ______, and/or ______ as an injectable anesthetic or induction agent.

A

Xylazine
Telamon
Guaifenasen

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19
Q

Diazepam is a _______ used as a tranquilizer, muscle relaxant, and for controlling seizures.

A

Benzodiazepine

20
Q

Are benzodiazepines approved by the FDA for use in food animals?

A

No

21
Q

Signs of lidocaine toxicity

A

Twitching and clonic spasms
Hypotension
Drowsiness/sedation
Respiratory depression
Convulsions

22
Q

Lidocaine is a local anesthetic used for ______ and _________.

A

Standing procedures
Regional limb perfusions

23
Q

Side effects of flunixin meglumine

A

GI ulceration, nephrotoxicity

24
Q

Three properties of flunixin meglumine

A

Analgesic
Antipyretic
Anti-inflammatory

25
Q

Flunixin meglumine is an NSAID labeled for use in beef and dairy cattle to:

A

Control fever associated with BRD and inflammation associated with endotoxemia.

26
Q

This NSAID is widely used for osteoarthritis and continuation of post-op pain control “at home” but is not FDA approved for this. It is not an anti-pyretic.

A

Meloxicam

27
Q

Another name for aspirin is ______.

A

Acetyl salicylic acid

28
Q

________ is an NSAID prohibited in dairy cows over the age of 20 months and is strongly discouraged by FDA and FARAD.

A

Phenylbutazone

29
Q

Drugs/categories of drugs without allowable extra label uses in any food-producing animal: (8)

A
  1. Chloramphenicol
  2. Clenbuterol
  3. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
  4. Fluoroquinolones (abx)
  5. Vancomycin (Glycopeptides)
  6. Metronidazole (Nitroimidazoles)
  7. Nitrofurazone (Nitrofurans)
  8. Medicated feeds
30
Q

Preparing the surgical site - 5 steps

A
  • Clip only; shaving not recommended
  • Tail tie
  • Rough prep
  • Sterile prep
  • Draping
31
Q

What does rough preparation include?

A

Physical removal of dirt and debris usually with mild soap and a brush

32
Q

What does sterile preparation include?

A

Chlorhexidine or povidine solution; contact time is most important

33
Q

What does draping provide?

A

Extension of the sterile field
Use water impermeable drapes

34
Q

Surgical considerations during the procedure (4)

A

Length of time
Contamination
Tissue handling
Blood loss

35
Q

Maintenance for neonatal ruminants is _______ % body weight/day.

A

10-20%

36
Q

Maintenance for adult ruminants is _____% body weight/day with ____:____ ratio of roughage to grain.

A

1-2%
60:40

37
Q

Post-op adult ruminants should get what ratio of roughage to grain?

A

Full roughage with slow reintroduction to grain

38
Q

What are three special considerations for ruminant feeding post-op?

A

Pharyngeal / esophageal trauma
Soaked hay
Oral electrolytes / alfalfa slurry

39
Q

Post-op wound care includes monitoring the ______ .

A

Surgical site

40
Q

Three considerations for bandage care

A

Keep incision clean
Topical medications can delay healing
Air helps prevent anaerobe growth

41
Q

Continued administration of _____ is not needed for most clean surgeries.

A

Antimicrobials

42
Q

Maintenance fluids for adult ruminants vs neonates

A

60 mL/kg/day - adults
90 mL/kg/day - neonates

43
Q

Opioids used for post-op pain management are limited to _____ and can cause ________ and ________.

A

In-hospital use
Sedation
Hypomotility

44
Q

The most common post-op pain management is ______.

A

NSAIDs

45
Q

Use of NSAIDs longer than ____ days is discouraged.

A

5-10 days

46
Q

Use of NSAIDs is cautioned in __________ patients.

A

Dehydrated

47
Q

What are the toxic doses of lidocaine for cattle and small ruminants?

A

Cattle: 10 mg/kg
Small ruminants: 5 mg/kg

LARGE ANIMAL SURGERY (8 decks)

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