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Comparative Politics > Public Health - Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Public Health - Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

BIG GEMS

A

B ehavior
I nfection
G enetics
G eography
E nvironment
M edical Care
S ocioeconomic-cultural

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2
Q

Morbidity

A

departure, subjective, state of physiological wellbeing

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3
Q

Mortality

A

death, reported

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4
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Affects the cause and outcome

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5
Q

Ecological Analysis

A

Data is analyzed at the population level rather than the individual level

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6
Q

Case-Fatality Rate

A

estimates the chances of dying if one gets the disease

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7
Q

Case-Control Study

A

study design that compares individuals with disease (cases) with individuals who don’t (controls) to identify possible exposure

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8
Q

Cohort Study

A

study design that compares individuals exposed/not exposed and follows up both over time to compare the incidence of the disease

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9
Q

Randomized Control Study (RCT)

A

randomly assigns individuals to a treatment/exposure or control (placebo) status and follows up both over time to compare the incidence of the outcome

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10
Q

Efficacy

A

performance of an intervention under ideal and controlled circumstances

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11
Q

Effectiveness

A

performance of an intervention under “real world” conditions

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12
Q

Non-Communicable Disease

A

tend to be of longer duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors

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13
Q

Prevention Pyramid

A

Tertiary: rehabilitation to reduce complications
Secondary: “preclinical stage”, prevent injury
Primary: target risk factors leading to injury/disease
Primordial: social/economic policies affecting health

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14
Q

Test Sensitivity

A

test’s ability to diagnose a patient with disease as positive

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15
Q

Test Specificity

A

test’s ability to diagnose patient without disease as negative

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16
Q

False Negative Results

A

Test indicates that the patient doesn’t have the disease but they actually do

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17
Q

False Positive Results

A

Test indicates the person has the disease but they actually don’t

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18
Q

Multiple Risk Factor Reduction

A

a strategy to intervene simultaneously on a series of risk factors that contribute to a particular outcome

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19
Q

Cost Effectiveness

A

combines issues of benefits and harms with issues of financial costs

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20
Q

Net Effectiveness

A

the ability of an intervention to have a meaningful impact on patients in normal clinical conditions

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21
Q

Causes of Communicable Diseases

A

bacteria, viruses, parasites

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22
Q

Epidemic

A

an increase in the frequency of a disease above the usual and expected rate

23
Q

Endemic

A

generally stable level that fluctuates (flu)

24
Q

Pandemic

A

an epidemic occurring worldwide or over a wide area, crossing international boundaries, and affecting a large number of people

25
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

1) the organism must be shown to be present in every case of the disease by isolation of the organism
2) the organism must not be found in cases of other diseases
3) once isolated, the organism must be capable of replicating the disease in an experimental animal
4) the organism must be recoverable from the animal

26
Q

R-Naught

A

used to estimate the degree of communicability of a disease & the potential of the disease to lead to an epidemic

27
Q

Quarantine

A

separates/restricts movement of people exposed to a contagious disease to see if they develop the disease

28
Q

Isolation

A

separates sick people with a contagious disease from those who aren’t sick

29
Q

Herd Immunity

A

protection from an infectious disease as a result of living in a community where a large number of people are vaccinated against the disease

30
Q

Public Health Tools to Address Burden of Communicable Diseases

A

1) screening and case finding
2) treatment and contact treatment
3) efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment
4) swiss cheese defense

31
Q

Chain of Infection

A

the transmission pattern by which in infectious disease is passed from person to person

32
Q

Physical Environment

A

unaltered (natural), altered (added chemicals and biological products), and built (human-made)

33
Q

4 Approaches to Address Complex Interactions Between Humans and Physical Environment

A

1) risk assessment
2) public health assessment
3) ecological assessment
4) interaction analysis

34
Q

Sociological Imagination

A

Mills, 1959
distinguishes between personal and public issues

35
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A
  • social status (race/ethnicity, sex/gender)
  • social support/alienation
  • food
  • housing
  • education
  • work
  • stress
  • transportation
  • place
  • access to health services
36
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

the position of individuals within a socially stratified system that differently distributes socioeconomic resources (education, occupation, income) that people need to obtain desired outcomes/goals

37
Q

Social Class

A

defined by the degree of possession of 3 types of capital (economic, cultural, and social)

38
Q

Race

A

classification of humans into one of several subpopulations distinguished by perceived common physical characteristics

39
Q

Ethnicity

A

perceived common ancestry, history, and cultural practices

40
Q

Types of Racism

A

Cultural: racist beliefs, attitudes, stereotypes ingrained in a culture

Institutional: institutional mechanisms/processes can manifest as discriminatory policies and practices

Interpersonal: experienced in everyday interactions with others (overt, unintended, microaggressions)

41
Q

Culture as a Determinant of Health

A

affects perceptions of health, illness, death, beliefs about the causes of disease, approaches to health promotion, how illness and pain are experienced and expressed, where patents seek health, and the type of treatment patients prefer

42
Q

How Culture Can Affect Health

A

Behavior: social practices may put individuals and groups at increased/reduced risk

Response to symptoms (level of urgency) to recognize symptoms, seek care, communicate symptoms

Types of interventions that people find acceptable

Response to disease and to interventions

43
Q

Stress

A

life events, chronic strains, daily hassles

44
Q

Social Support

A

important means to prevent &/or buffer effects of stress

45
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

sense of having control over one’s life

46
Q

Theory

A

a set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explain/predict events/situations by specifying relations among variables

47
Q

Model

A

a combination of ideas & concepts taken from multiple theories and applied to specific problems in specific settings

48
Q

Health Belief Model

A

intrapersonal model focuses on individuals’ perceptions and thought processes prior to taking health-related action

49
Q

Transtheoretical Model

A

behavior change is a process

1) Precontemplation: no intention to change yet
2) Contemplation: aware of benefits of changing
3) Preparation: decides to change and planned actions to do so
4) Action: actual behavior change/modification
5) Maintenance: change achieved but must strive to prevent relapse

50
Q

Theory of Planned Behavior

A

intention is the main predictor of behavior

behavior intention is influenced by
- individual’s attitude toward performing a behavior
- their beliefs about whether people important to him/her approve/disapprove of the behavior (subjective norms)
- their beliefs about their control over performing the behavior

51
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

interaction between individuals and their social systems
- individual characteristics
- influences in the social and physical environment
- interaction among all these factors

52
Q

Ecological Model

A

5 levels of influence that determine health-related behavior

1) intrapersonal: psychology
2) interpersonal: family, friends, coworkers
3) institutional: school, workplace
4) community: churches, community organizations
5) public policy: government regulations

53
Q

Fundamental Cause Theory

A

SES and race-ethnic disparities

Resources:
- knowledge
- money
- power
- prestige
- beneficial social connections

Extents:
- avoid risk
- adopt protective strategies
to reduce morbidity and mortality

54
Q

Diffusion of Innovation Theory

A

A population and community level model that shows how a new idea, product, or social practice is disseminated and adopted in a population

affected by:
- relative advantage
- compatibility (values/needs of audience)
- complexity (easy to understand and use)
- trialability (can be tried before adopting)
- observability (results observable and measurable)

Comparative Politics (2 decks)

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