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PSYC 2150 > Definitions, EXAM 3 > Flashcards

Definitions, EXAM 3 Flashcards

1
Q

a group of objects that have something in common

A

category

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2
Q

an instance of a category

A

exemplar

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3
Q

classical view of categorization

A

a concept is a list of necessary and sufficient conditions for membership in a category

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4
Q

______ refers to the fact that people do not think of all exemplars as equally good members of a category

A

typicality

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5
Q

probabilistic view of categorization

A

category membership is proposed to be a matter of probability, rather than binary

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6
Q

the _____ model holds that multiple exemplars of a category are stored in memory

A

exemplar model

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7
Q

A single speaker produces phonemes differently depending on the context of the phoneme (anticipating future movements)

A

coarticulation

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8
Q

phonemes are put in categories; identified as one or the other – this is called ______

A

categorical perception

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9
Q

when vocal cords start vibration, relative to the plosion of air

A

voice onset time

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10
Q

mental dictionary

A

lexicon

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11
Q

you are more quick to classify a string of letters as a word if you heard it recently – this is due to ______

A

cross-modal priming

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12
Q

mispronounced words get lexical access if ____

A

they are mispronounced in ways people tend to mispronounce them

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13
Q

if a new word can be attached to an existing node in a phrase structure, go with that interpretation

A

principle of minimal attachment

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14
Q

languages permit communication between individuals – language is ____

A

communicative

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15
Q

the relationship between the elements in the language and their meaning is ______

A

arbitrary

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16
Q

the pattern of symbols within language is not arbitrary, but _____

A

structured

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17
Q

the basic units of language can be used to build a limitless number of meanings – language is _____

A

generative

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18
Q

language is not static but changing – it is _____

A

dynamic

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19
Q

individual speech sounds; smallest unit of spoken language

A

phoneme

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20
Q

group of related sentences forming a paragraph or group of related paragraphs

A

text

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21
Q

model that suggests that we have a representation of the world that a text depicts

A

situation model

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22
Q

a set of mental rules that defines what are permissible sentences in a community of speakers

A

grammar

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23
Q

people’s knowledge of grammar

A

competence

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24
Q

the way people actually talk

A

performance

25
Q

a symbol has the same symbol embedded within it as part of its definition

A

recursion

26
Q

representation which corresponds to the meaning of a sentence

A

deep structure

27
Q

representation which yields the order in which words will be uttered

A

surface structure

28
Q

children use their limited vocabulary for many referents

A

overextension

29
Q

applying linguistic rules to exception words where the rule should not be applied

A

overregularization

30
Q

critical period

A

window of opportunity during which something can be learned effortlessly

31
Q

thought is so intimately tied to language that thoughts generated in one language may be impossible to express in another language

A

Whorfian hypothesis

32
Q

two words with identical spelling, but different pronunciations and meanings

A

homographs

33
Q

two words that are spelled and pronounced the same way, but have different meanings

A

homonym

34
Q

picture of thing you’re trying to convey

A

pictograph

35
Q

arbitrary, but one symbol goes with an idea

A

logograph

36
Q

symbol represents sound

A

phonogram

37
Q

A missing phoneme is restored by the context and is never consciously identified as missing

A

phoneme restoration effect

38
Q

the use of vision in the perception of speech is at the root of the ______ effect

A

McGurk

39
Q

a string of letters appears on a screen, the participant decides whether it’s a word

A

lexical decision task

40
Q

if you have recently been thinking about a related word, then a lexical decision is made more quickly

A

semantic priming

41
Q

dyslexia caused by brain damage in people who were able to read before the injury

A

acquired dyslexia

42
Q

the reading of non-words is preserved, but the patient has difficulty reading irregular words

A

surface dyslexia

43
Q

the psychological mechanism that derives phrase structures from sentences

A

sentence parser

44
Q

your cognitive system builds a phrase structure, but later in the sentence it becomes clear that something must be wrong with it

A

garden path sentence

45
Q

a word that reliably provides a cue to a bit of phrase structure organization

A

key word

46
Q

the representation of the exact words in the order that they appear

A

surface code

47
Q

the textbase is ____

A

semantically deeper than the surface code and captures the explicitly stated logical and causal relationships between the objects and events in the text

48
Q

the textbase uses a format called a _____

A

proposition

49
Q

because pauses in speech are relatively rare, researchers sometimes call speech a _______

A

speech stream

50
Q

expected value theory

A

probability of getting the outcome multiplied by the value of the outcome

51
Q

expected utility

A

combines the probability of getting the outcome and our preferences in that situation

52
Q

consistently maximizing expected utility means that choices are ____

A

rational

53
Q

transitivity

A

if a = b, and b = c, than a = c

54
Q

theories on how people should make decisions

A

normative theories

55
Q

‘mental shortcuts’ are also called _______

A

heuristics

56
Q

when there is a great deal of overlap in categorization and the perceptual or motor processes, researchers call the representation ______

A

embodied

57
Q

a mode of perception is called a _____

A

modality

58
Q

the visual aspect of letter recognition

A

orthographic processing

59
Q

background rate of frequency of something in a group

A

base rate

PSYC 2150 (3 decks)

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