skin and wound infection

Question 1

Lyme disease is the most common

Answer 1

vector-borne disease

Question 2

transmitted via

Answer 2

a bite from an infected black-legged Ixodes tick

Question 3

gram + or -

Answer 3

-

Question 4

spirochete

Answer 4

thin, tightly coiled, helically shaped bacteria
- have an outer membrane contained LPS
-posses endoflagella

Question 5

main reservoir

Answer 5

white footed mouse

Question 6

bacteria that causes Lyme disease

Answer 6

borrelia burgdorferi

Question 7

pathogenesis of Lyme disease

Answer 7

tick feeds on animal
grows to maturity (nymph)
feeds on human (accidental host)

Question 8

stage 1 Lyme disease

Answer 8

erythema migraines
- bulls eye rash
- flu-like symptoms

Question 9

stage 2 Lyme disease

Answer 9

injury to nervous and cardiac systems
-dizzy spells, fainting, difficulty concentrating
- paralysis of face

Question 10

stage 3 Lyme disease

Answer 10

immune response damages host tissue
- arthritis with severe joint pain and swelling (knees)
- sometimes meningitis or encephalitis

Question 11

treatment and prevention of lyme disease

Answer 11

antibiotics treat first stage
- no available vaccine for humans

Question 12

tinea corporis

Answer 12

ringworm
-scaly skin in the center surrounded by a raised red margin that occur on smooth skin

Question 13

tinea capitis

Answer 13

ringworm
- severe cases affect scalp and hair-bearing regions of head causing patchy areas of hair loss

Question 14

dermatophytes that cause ringworm, athlete’s foot, and toenail fungus

Answer 14

epidermophyton, microsporum, and trichophyton

Question 15

tinea pedis

Answer 15

athletes foot
- scaly itchy rash between toes

Question 16

tinea unguium

Answer 16

nail fungus
- more common in elderly
-chronic infection of the nails
- infected nails of the hands and feet become thickened, yellow, and brittle

Question 17

clostridium tetani

Answer 17

endospore-former
-gram positive rods
- obligate anaerobe
enter the body and germinate in damaged/necrotic tissue

Question 18

symptoms of tetanus (C. tetani)

Answer 18

prolonged contraction of muscles

Question 19

tetanospasmin

Answer 19

A type of A-B exotoxin
- taken up by inhibitory neurons where it prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA)
- GABA cannot end contraction

Question 20

tetany

Answer 20

muscles receive constant stimuli and contract uncontrollably
-death usually results from respiratory failure

Question 21

treatment of tetanus

Answer 21

muscle relaxants, supportive care necessary
- human tetanus immune globulin injection
- antibodies bind to free toxin molecules, provide passive immunity

Question 22

prevention of tetanus

Answer 22

DTaP vaccine
- contains toxoid (inactivated tetannospasmin)
-requires boosters
tetanus is the only non-contagious disease we routinely vaccinate against

Question 23

clostridium perfringens causes

Answer 23

gas gangrene

Question 24

gas gangrene signs and symptoms

Answer 24

severe pain
thin bloody or brownish exudate leaks from wound
gas bubble in tissue
overlying skin stretched tight and mottled with black

Question 25

C. perfringens

Answer 25

spore former
gram positive rods
obligate anaerobe

Question 26

C. perfringens virulence factors

Answer 26

alpha toxin destroy PMNs, RBCs, and muscle tissue, causing myonecrosis
- highly invasive (produces enzymes that break down extracellular matrix)
- fermentation of tissue carbohydrates, lipids and proteins yields gas –> gas bubbles

Question 27

treatment of isa gangrene

Answer 27

prompt debridement of disease tissue and amputation of al devitalized tissue

Question 28

measles is caused by

Answer 28

rubeola virus (enveloped)

Question 29

measles epidemiology

Answer 29

humans are the reservoir
transmission: respiratory droplet nuclei (airborne transmission)
most contagious of the vaccine-preventable diseases

Question 30

measles signs and symptoms

Answer 30

high fever
cough, coryza (nasal inflammation), conjunctivitis (swollen, red, weepy eyes)
kopek spots (white spots on inner cheek)
rash

Question 31

complication of measles

Answer 31

viral pneumonia and encephalitis
secondary infections lead to ear infections and bacterial pneumonia

Question 32

MMR vaccine

Answer 32

prevents measles, mumps, and rubella
- live attenuated vaccine

Question 33

rubella epidemiology

Answer 33

reservoir : humans
transmission: airborne respiratory droplet nuclei and vertical transmission
groups at risk
- school aged children
- most severe in neonates (congenital rubella syndrome)

Question 34

rubella signs/symptoms

Answer 34

widespread faint, shorter-lived red macular rash
not associated with Koplik spots
lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)

Question 35

congenital rubella syndrome

Answer 35

crosses the placenta in 1st trimester
- still born
-spontaneous abortion
- birth defects : deafness, hear defects, brain damage

Question 36

all herpes viruses

Answer 36

have double-stranded DNA genomes
enveloped
establish latency (never go away, can be reactivated)

Question 37

varicella epidemiology

Answer 37

transmission:
-respiratory droplet nuclei
-direct skin contact
- vertical transmission
most severe in babies

Question 38

shingles differs from varicella in

Answer 38

rash pattern (along dermatome)
pain level
duration (can last up to a month)

Question 39

varicella vaccine

Answer 39

live attenuated vaccine
often combined with MMR