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nurs 216 > introduction > Flashcards

introduction Flashcards

1
Q

biologic

A

anything human body produced
- hormones, antibodies (vaccines), blood products, genetic treatment modalities

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2
Q

natural health product

A

naturally occuring and used as an adjunct
-vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements

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3
Q

Oral (PO) administration

A

mouth; liquid, tablet, pill, powder
- enteral (passes through GI tract)
- 1st pass metabolism
- systemic effect

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4
Q

Sublingual (SL)

A

under the tongue; not considered enteral
- capillary absorption into blood stream
- bypasses GI and 1st pass
- faster acting than PO
- systemic effect

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5
Q

Intranasal (insufflation)

A

into nasal cavity
- capillary absorption
- local effect; rhinocort spray
- systemic effect; flu vaccine
- direct CNS effect; cocaine; diffusion across mucosa and distribution along nerve network

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6
Q

Inhalation

A

breathed into lungs
- pulmonary capillary network allows for rapid effect
- local effect; asthma drugs
- systemic effect; general anesthesia drugs

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7
Q

topical

A

applied directly to surface
- local effect
- minimal systemic presence
- molecule size expressed in daltons and must be less than 500 to be easily absorbed

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8
Q

transdermal

A

patch; dermal capillary absorption
- systemic effect desired
- long acting due to slow and steady absorption

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9
Q

rectal

A

inserted to lower GI, rectum
- local and systemic effect
- low 1st pass metabolism
- 25% of drug goes through mucosa then to hepatic and then local effect

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10
Q

IV (parenteral)

A

needle catheter into vein in subcutaneous tissues
- immediate absorption
- fast onset
- dose given=dose circulating
- systemic effect

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11
Q

IM (parenteral)

A

needle into muscle tissue
- aqueous; fast effect
- depot; slower effect
- capillary bed absorption into blood stream
- systemic effect
- deltoid, ventrogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis

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12
Q

Subcutaneous (parenteral)

A

injection into adipose tissue of hypodermis
- absorption via capillary bed
- systemic effect
- fast or slow onset; dependent on preparation

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13
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

how drug moves through the body
- absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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14
Q

absorption

A

how the drug gets in
- time for drug to reach systemic circulation

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15
Q

distribution

A

where the drug goes/ transports
- keep eye on blood flow, size of tissue, molecular characteristics, PPB

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16
Q

metabolism

A

how the drug is broken down
- CYP 450
- liver

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17
Q

excretion

A

how the drug leaves/gets out
- kidneys
- elimination of inactive drugs and metabolites

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18
Q

molecular characteristics

A

describe how easily drugs are excreted by the kidneys

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19
Q

lipophilicity

A

fat loving
- easy time with absorption and distribution

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20
Q

hydrophilicity

A

water loving
- easy time with excretion

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21
Q

absorption and distribution general rule

A

want the drug to be lipophilic, non-ionized, and small

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22
Q

excretion general rule

A

want the drug to be hydrophilic and ionized

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23
Q

passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

diffusion

A

molecule movement from low to high concentration

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25
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from high to low water concentration

26
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of specific molecules through protein channels

27
Q

active transport

A

movement of materials through membrane using energy

28
Q

bioavailability

A

systemic circulation plasma drug concentration

29
Q

therapeutic range

A

concentration of drug that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity

30
Q

loading dose

A

use of higher dose than what is usually used
- regular recommended doses given after to keep drug in therapeutic range

31
Q

therapeutic index

A

ratio between therapeutic dose and toxic dose

32
Q

Narrow TI meds

A

digoxin, warfarin, phenytoin, tacrolimus

33
Q

drugs that are protein bound

A

considered not effective

34
Q

drugs that are not protein bound

A

considered to be effective

35
Q

plasma proteins

A

albumin (acidic drugs), alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (basic drugs)

36
Q

plasma protein binding

A

drugs binding with plasma protein molecules
- varying affinity
- competitive, reversible, saturable

37
Q

highly protein bound drugs

A

warfarin, ibuprofen, naproxen, furosemide, digoxin

38
Q

prodrug

A

inactive drug to active metabolite

39
Q

phase 1 metabolism

A

hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation (uses CYP450 enzyme group)
- hydrogen proton removal
- addition of oxygen

40
Q

increase in enzyme function

A

becomes more active and metabolizes faster

41
Q

inhibition of enzyme function

A

becomes less active and metabolizes slower

42
Q

phase 2 metabolism

A

conjugation and polarization

43
Q

GFR

A

125ml/min

44
Q

1st order elimination kinetics

A

elimination proportionate to the drug serum calculation
- elimination/peak plasma concentration

45
Q

zero order elimination kinetics

A

constant rate of elimination/clearance

46
Q

half life

A

time required for drug plasma concentration to decrease by one half
- guideline to estimate frequency of administration

47
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

once the drug is at the receptor and has been distributed; where does therapeutic effect occur

48
Q

affinity

A

“strength”
- specific, saturable, reversible

49
Q

efficacy

A

“effectiveness”
- degree to which drug induces maximum effect

50
Q

potency

A

“strength”
- how much drug is required
- higher potency=less amount needed

51
Q

agonist

A

drug mimics substance
- binds to receptor readily and produces good effects
- can be primary or full
- morphine

52
Q

partial agonist

A

maximum response is smaller even if all receptors occupied
-lower efficacy
- in presence of a full agonist it will act like an antagonist
- buprenorphine

53
Q

inverse agonist

A

induces opposite effect of naturally binding substabce

54
Q

antagonist

A

blocks receptor site to prevent substance from binding
- naloxone

55
Q

tolerance

A

receptor de-sensitization; decreased number of viable receptors
- more drug required for same response

56
Q

ASA toxidromes

A

confusion, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia

57
Q

acetaminophen toxidromes

A

abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting

58
Q

opioid toxidromes

A

bradypnea, bradycardia, pupil constriction

59
Q

cocaine/stimulant toxidromes

A

agitation, tremors, tachycardia, tachypnea, hyperthermia, pupil dilation

60
Q

adsorption

A

treatment for overdose
- binding of drug to decrease absorption
- activated charcoal

nurs 216 (8 decks)

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