Exam 2

Question 1

Outer Ear

Answer 1

pinna, ear canal, ear drum (converts acoustical energy to mechanical energy)

Question 2

Inner Ear

Answer 2

oval window, cochlea (sends neurological signals to brain)

Question 3

Middle Ear

Answer 3

Eustachian tube, ossicles (transmits vibration from ear drum to oval window)

Question 4

Identify the part of the basilar membrane on a diagram that will vibrate most at a given frequency.
(High Frequency)

Answer 4

Basilar membrane motion near the oval window is high frequency

Question 5

Identify the part of the basilar membrane on a diagram that will vibrate most at a given frequency.
(Low Frequency)

Answer 5

Basilar membrane motion hear the helicotrema is low frequency

Question 6

Identify the processes in the inner ear that are responsible for encoding intensity, frequency, and spectrum of a sound.
(Intensity)

Answer 6

The total number of nerve cell firings in each burst

Question 7

Identify the processes in the inner ear that are responsible for encoding intensity, frequency, and spectrum of a sound.
(Frequency)

Answer 7

The repetition rate of the bursts AND the location along the basilar membrane

Question 8

Identify the processes in the inner ear that are responsible for encoding intensity, frequency, and spectrum of a sound.
(Spectrum)

Answer 8

The stimulation of multiple locations along the basilar membrane

Question 9

Describe how critical band is related to masking, and how the asymmetry of the basilar membrane correlates with higher or lower tones masking each other more effectively.

Answer 9

Low frequency tones mask high frequency tones better than vice versa. Due to asymmetry in the basilar membrane responseTones separated by less than a critical bandwidth mask each other most effectively Wider critical bands result in more masking of neighboring frequencies

Question 10

Identify which of the perceptions of tone color, pitch, and loudness are related most strongly to each of the following physical quantities: spectrum, frequency, and intensity or sound level. (Spectrum)

Answer 10

Tone color is related to the spectrum

Question 11

Identify which of the perceptions of tone color, pitch, and loudness are related most strongly to each of the following physical quantities: spectrum, frequency, and intensity or sound level. (Frequency)

Answer 11

Pitch is related to the frequency

Question 12

Identify which of the perceptions of tone color, pitch, and loudness are related most strongly to each of the following physical quantities: spectrum, frequency, and intensity or sound level. (Intensity or Sound level)

Answer 12

Loudness is related to intensity

Question 13

Determining Fundamental Frequency

Answer 13

First one of the list unless there is a greatest common denominator among them.

Question 14

Identify the factor (phase, quality, intensity, pitch, or spectrum) plays the most important role in helping a listener determine from which direction a low or high frequency sound is coming. (Low Frequency)

Answer 14

difference in phase between the two ears

Question 15

Identify the factor (phase, quality, intensity, pitch, or spectrum) plays the most important role in helping a listener determine from which direction a low or high frequency sound is coming. (High Frequency)

Answer 15

difference in intensity between the two ears

Question 16

When given two simple tones of specified frequency and the critical band, determine whether the listener will perceive a single tone with no beating, a single tone with beating, two tones with no beating or two tones with rough beating.

Answer 16

If the difference between the two frequencies is less than the critical band, the perceived sound is one tone with beating. If the difference is greater than the critical band, the perceived sound is two tones without beating.

Question 17

Given a simple tone of specified frequency, determine (from a table of the number of cycles required for pitch perception) the minimum duration needed to perceive its pitch.

Answer 17

See Table for the number of cycles at the specified frequency.To compute the duration, divide by the frequency (or equivalently multiple by the period)duration = # cycles ÷frequency

Question 18

Know how to read and interpret an audiogram and be able to identify common types of hearing loss. Determine how much amplification would be needed at a specified frequency to restore the person’s hearing to normal threshold (0dB line on theaudiogram).

Answer 18

Presbycusis – loss of hearing over time characterized by insensitivity to high frequency sounds (fairly common)

Question 19

Conductive Hearing Loss

Answer 19

occurs in the outer or middle ear. Examples: blocking the ear canal, ear drum rupture or ossicle impairment

Question 20

Sensorineural loss

Answer 20

occurs in the inner ear. Examples: damage to the inner or outer hair cells in the cochlea

Question 21

Diaphram

Answer 21

controls the pressure in the chest cavity

Question 22

Trachea

Answer 22

tube between the lungs the pharynx

Question 23

Lips

Answer 23

used to open and close the mouth

Question 24

Soft Palate

Answer 24

used to open and close the nasal cavity

Question 25

Pharynx

Answer 25

the lower part of the vocal tract, connecting the trachea to the mouth

Question 26

Source

Answer 26

larynx (vocal folds, glottis and epiglottis), lungs, trachea, diaphragm

Question 27

Resonator

Answer 27

mouth, lips, teeth, nasal cavity, pharynx, palates

Question 28

Positive pressure in (or just below) the glottis

Answer 28

will increase the glottal area by pushing open the vocal folds

Question 29

Negative pressure in the glottis

Answer 29

will decrease the glottal area by closing the vocal foldsTension in vocal folds will also decrease the glottal area by closing the vocal folds

Question 30

Describe the wave shape and spectrum of air flow through the glottis when typical voiced speech sounds are produced (Is the wave shape periodic or nonperiodic? Does the spectrum have only one partial, many harmonic partials, or many inharmonic partials?).

Answer 30

Glottal airflow is periodic.It will have a fundamental frequency with many harmonic partials

Question 31

Calculate the frequencies emphasized by a neutral vocal tract of given length that has a constant cross-sectional area and is open only at one end.

Answer 31

The neutral vocal tract is like a closed-open tube f1= 343 / 4 L , f2= 3 x 343 / 4 L

Question 32

Define feedback and reference as they relate to a child learning to speak.

Answer 32

Feedback – a child listening to their own speech and comparing to a reference
Reference – the people whose speech the child hears and compares to

Question 33

Vowels & Diphthongs

Answer 33

voice energy (3 or more formant bands)

Question 34

Fricatives

Answer 34

noise energy, high frequencies

Answer 35

Plosives

Question 36

Nasals

Answer 36

single low frequency formant